Gender Reversal in Orlando - Literature Essay Samples

Compared with other literature of the Heian Period, the Torikaebaya Monogatari stands out as an unusual story. The reversal of gender roles that is central to the plot is a narrative device not found among the other surviving monogatari from this era. Although viewed as merely entertainment by many readers, Torikaebaya does explore what it meant to be both a woman and a man in the Heian period. Another story that has a similar plot, although far removed from Heian Japan, is the novel Orlando, written by Virginia Woolf. Orlando also uses gender reversal as the cornerstone of the narrative, and like Torikaebaya, this allows the characters to experience and contrast the reality of each gender. If these two stories are compared in terms of the way that genders are depicted, some common themes emerge that relate to literature written by women. However, to proceed from this perspective, the reader must make some assumptions concerning the Torikaebaya.The authorship of Torikaebaya Mon ogatari is uncertain and will most likely remain so. In the introduction to the English translation, Rosette Willig advances the cases for both male and female authorship. She speculates that Meiji scholars concluded a male authorship merely because they found it inconceivable that a court lady could have fashioned so distasteful and degenerate a plot. (Willig, 5) Despite this, there are some legitimate reasons to consider the case for female authorship. Willig mentions that the style of the original Japanese is written in a peculiarly womens style (Willig, 5), which combined with the possibility of elements of autobiography, indicates that the story was written by someone who also experienced the confusions of the characters. I would add that that the focus on the female Chunagon character in Book One, and the preferred attention that the character receives in the remainder of the story argues that the story was written from a female perspective. Therefore, while the authorsh ip cannot be definitively settled, the assumption of a female author is not without basis, and this paper will proceed from that premise.There is another issue that the critical reader must consider before proceeding, and it relates not only to Torikaebaya, but also to Orlando as well. This is the issue of intent, that is, are these stories meant to simply entertain, or do they contain an implied criticism imbedded in the narrative? There is no doubt that both stories have much to recommend them in terms of enjoyable reading. The plot of gender reversal is intriguing enough, and both stories have survived to reach a modern readership (in the case of Torikaebaya much longer!), proof that there is something that endures about the story. However, especially concerning Torikaebaya, the modern audience must be careful not to read into the narrative an intention that may have not been possible. Having said that, both stories do have sections where criticisms for the enforced gender ro les are explicit. By extension these criticisms of gender roles are really criticisms of the society that enforced them. So are these stories polemical, that is, do they attack an established code or behavior? In the case of Orlando, Virginia Woolf was able to record her intentions in her correspondence.I wasnt sure how far the mixture seriousness and nonsense succeeded I mean I meant some of it to be serious. (Langham, 236)If fantasy was the vehicle that Woolf used to deliver a critique of the patriarchal society she lived in, perhaps it is valid to suppose that the author of Torikaebaya also made use of a fantastical plot device to communicate dissatisfaction with the role of women in the society. Modern readers are not able to know definitively the intention of the author, but only an oblique criticism would be available to women writers in Heian Japan. I believe that the similar portrayal of the gender roles in Torikaebaya and Orlando, as well as the plot device common to both stories, support reading both stories as subtle criticisms.How the gender roles are portrayed in Orlando and Torikaebaya are quite similar. For example, when the female Chunagon is described as having qualities of the male gender.the daughter was already quite mischievous by this time and was outside constantly playing kickball and shooting arrows she would promptly join the rest of the men and lark about with them quite as she pleased. (Willig, 15)When Orlando is described as having the gender of male, he is similarly described.Yet again they noted, she detested household matters, was up at dawn and out among the fields before the sun had risen. She could drink with the best and liked games of hazard. (Woolf, 109)Both stories equate the male gender with robust pursuits and love of being outside. These qualities contrast with the way that the female gender is presented to the reader. The male Naishi no Kami is presented this way when exhibiting the qualities of female gende r.At length his father put him to the study of letters and taught him appropriate subjects, but the boy in his embarrassment, could not fix his attention to any of them His father, astonished at such proclivities, constantly criticized him, until the wretched and intimidated boy was reduced to tears. (Willig, 14)This is similar to the description of Orlando as a woman.She would burst into tears on slight provocation. She was unversed in geography, found mathematics intolerable, and held some caprices that are more common among women than men, as for instance, that to travel south was to travel down hill. (Woolf, 110)Here women are portrayed as emotionally unstable and intellectually feeble. Compared to the descriptions of the qualities that characterize male gender, the female gender traits are treated as less desirable and inferior. This inferiority is magnified when each character changes and assumes the female gender in society where previously they were accepted as male. No l onger do they have the power and prestige that was given to them by virtue of exhibiting the accepted male gender traits. In the case of the female Chunagon, she is denied the freedom of movement and participation in the society as an individual; now she must be a dependant.Chunagon had once sat alongside the men at his fathers house, and he now reminisced about what had been said and done then. Saisho, however, amiably interrupted these recollections: Are you fond of that sort of thing? The embarrassed Chunagon did not like to hear such words, but he managed to feign indifference. (Willig, 122)Orlando faces a similar situation when society forces an identity on her to correspond to her sex.The chief charges against her were that she was dead, and therefore could not hold any property whatsoever; that she was a woman, which amounted to the same thing All her estates were put in Chancery and her titles held in abeyance while the suits were under litigation. Thus it was in a highly a mbiguous condition, uncertain whether she was alive or dead, man or woman (Woolf, 98)Like Chunagon, Orlando loses the wealth and with it the freedom. This is the implicit criticism that the portrayal of gender roles contains, that the female identity equals a denial of the freedom enjoyed by the male.In both stories, the female characters are trapped by virtue of biology into assuming the gender roles of the female. Partly this is a product of the society in which they live, which demands that the behavior correspond to the sex identity. However, the females in both stories become aware of the vulnerability that their sex identity exposes. Chunagon is the victim of rape at the hands of Saisho, which deepens her reliance on him because of the pregnancy that ensues. There are numerous examples where Chunagon laments that her sex identity was discovered, and her need to rely on someone as fickle as Saisho.Certainly Saisho is different from others in charm and elegance, but to be f ated to entrust myself to such a person and stay indoors leaves much to be desired. (Willig, 99)Very few people were about, and Chunagon, large with child, seemed to be feeling oppressed and pained. He was lying down, lost in thought as he worried sadly about anything and everything. (Willig, 125)These quotes from the narrative show that the female Chunagon regrets the change that has taken place, and the loss of freedom that the female sex identity has predicated. Orlando experiences similar thoughts when she first changes from male to female.Could I, however, leap overboard and swim in clothes like these? No! Therefore, I should have to trust to the protection of a blue jacket. Do I object to that? Now do I? she wondered, here encountering the first knot in the smooth skein of her argument. (Woolf, 90)To be truthful, both Chunagon and Orlando come to an acceptance with their sex identity, but the initial reaction is one of apprehension and regret at the loss of freedom in the soc iety as a female. These similarities between the narratives point to common themes in literature written by women, that there is a perception that women are inferior to men and exhibit less desirable qualities as gender, and that the sex identity of the female is inherently weaker and more vulnerable than the male sex identity. Whether this is true or not, the authors obviously felt that these issues had to be written about. This tension between gender and sex identity and the desire for freedom in society is communicated through the portrayal of the gender of the female characters in each story.Both Torikaebaya Monogatari and Orlando contain the narrative device of gender reversal, and this makes it possible for the reader to explore the implications of gender in society through the portrayal of the characters. The portrayal of the characters gender and the limits on freedom that sex identity incurs are common to both stories, and can be interpreted as criticisms of patriarchal society. This implied criticism contained in a narrative otherwise understood as merely entertainment, seems to be a tool that women writers used to convey their dissatisfaction with their place in the society.

Nondeterministic X-Machine - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9529 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 5 Formal Modeling 5.1 Overview To achieve the maximum benefits from formal techniques, integration of approaches is required. In this chapter we present the integration of X-machine models and Z notation. The X-machine models sued to give the relationship between Z and X-machine are: (a) nondeterministic X-machine, (b) deterministic X-machine, (c) nondeterministic stream X-machine, (d) deterministic stream X-machine, (e) communicating stream X-machine, and (f) communicating stream X-machine system. The informal definitions of all these machines are taken from [1], [2], [3]. 5.2 Design of Nondeterministic X-Machine A Nondeterministic X-Machine is 10-tuple NXM = (X, Y, Z, , , Q, , F, I, T) where: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nondeterministic X-Machine" essay for you Create order 1. X is a fundamental dataset on that the machine operates. 2. Y is a finite set of input alphabets. 3. Z is a finite set of output alphabets. 4. and are input and output partial functions, used to convert the input into the output sets from the fundamental sets, i. e., : Y X and : X Z. 5. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 6. is type of M, a set of relations on X, i. e., : P (X X). The notation (XX) denotes a set of all possible partial functions from X to X. 7. F is a next state partial function, a transition function, i. e., F: Q x P Q, which takes a state a partial function and produces a new set of states. 8. I is a set of initial states, a subset of Q, and T is a set of terminal states, a subset of Q. NXM state: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory alpha: (SigmaIn Memory) beta: (SigmaOut Memory) function: Memory Memory trans: Q Memory Memory Q I: Q T: Q state I state T state q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q state q1 state m memory m1 memory i alphaIn o alphaOut m m1 function i m alpha o m1 beta s, s1: Q s state s1 state q m m1 s trans q1 m m1 s1 trans q m m1 = q1 m m1 s = s1 Invariants: a) The set of states states is a nonempty set. b) The set of initial states I is a subset of states. c) The set of final states T is a subset of states. d) For each input alphabet i and states q and q1, o an output alphabet, (i, m) belongs to elpha, (o, m1) belongs to beta (m, m1) belongs to set of partial functions trans ((q, (m, m1)), s) where transaction function acting on q and partial function gives a set of states. And the trans ((q1,( m, m1)), s1) gives a set of states. In the formal specification of NXM, Memory, SigmaIn, SigmaOut and Q are defined as abstract data types over which we cannot define any operation. To specify the NXM, we introduced a variable states to define the set of states of the NXM. Each element q in set states is of type Q therefore states is a type of power set of Q. To describe the sets of input and output alphabets, variables alphaIn and alphaOut of type of power set of SigmaIn and SigmaOut are defined respectively. Similarly, for memory the variable memory is of type of power set of Memory is introduced. Moreover, alpha and beta are the power set of partial functions of type (SigmaIn Memory) and (SigmaOut Memory) respectively, which converts an input alphabet s into an output alphabet g, by altering the memory. The variable function of type power set of (Memory Memory) is introduced to describe the set of all possible partial functions from Memory to Memory. The transition function trans of type (Q function) PQ is intr oduced to describe the transitions of the machine for each input (q, function), where q is a state and function is a partial function from memory to memory there must be a unique output q1 of type power set of Q. The set of initial states I is of type power set of Q and the set of final states T is of type PQ. 5.3 Design of Deterministic X-Machine A Deterministic X-Machine is 10-tuple DXM = (X, Y, Z, , , Q, , F, I, T) where: 1. X is a fundamental dataset on that the machine operates. 2. Y is a finite set of input alphabets. 3. Z is a finite set of output alphabets. 4. and are the input and output partial functions, used to convert the input into the output sets from the fundamental sets, i. e., : Y X and : X Z. 5. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 6. is type of M, a set of relations on X, i. e., : P (X X). The notation (XX) denotes the set of all possible partial functions from X to X. 7. F is next state partial function, a transition function, i. e., F: Q x Q. It takes a state a partial function and deterministically produces a new state or the same state. 8. q0 is an initial state and T is a set of terminal states, a subset of Q. The above definition describes the deterministic X-machine because for each state q and for every partial function, there is a state q, i. e., F (q, ) = q. DXM states: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory alpha: SigmaIn Memory beta: SigmaOut Memory function: Memory Memory trans: Q Memory Memory Q q0: Q T: Q states q0 states T states q, q1: Q; m: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q states q1 states m memory i m alpha o m beta m m function trans q m m = q1 Invariants: a) The set states is a nonempty set. b) The q0 is an initial state. c) The set of final states T is a subset of states. d) For each input alphabet i and states q and q1, o is an output alphabet, (m, m1) is a relation on X to X, where (i, m) belongs to elpha, (o, m1) belongs to beta and (m m1) belongs to . The trans ((q, function), q1) describes the transaction function acting on q and the partial function giving the state q1. In the schema DXM the abstract data types, X, Y, Z and Q are denoted by Memory, SigmaIn, SigmaOut and Q respectively. In this schema we introduced variable states to define the set of states of the DXM. Each element q in set states is of type Q therefore states is a type of power set of Q. To describe the sets of input and output alphabets, variables alphaIn and alphaOut of type of power set of SigmaIn and SigmaOut are defined respectively. Similarly, for memory the variable memory of type of power set of Memory is introduced. Moreover, alpha and beta are the power set of partial functions of type (SigmaIn Memory) and (SigmaOut Memory) respectively, which converts an input alphabet s into an output alphabet g by altering the memory. The variable function of type power set of (Memory Memory) is introduced to describe the set of all possible partial functions from Memory to Memory. The transition function trans of type (Q function) PQ is introduced to describe the transitions of t he machine for each input (q, function), where q is a state and function is a partial function from memory to memory there must be a unique output q1 of type Q. The initial state q0 is of type Q and the set of final states T of type power set of Q. 5.4 Behavior of X-Machine To check the behavior of the machine, we get a sequence of input alphabets and checks that there exists a successful path for that particular sequence of inputs. This behavior checker accepts a deterministic X-machine a sequence of input alphabets and returns a sequence of output alphabets. Let DXM = (X, Y, Z, , , Q, , F, I, T) is a deterministic X-machine and a sequence of input alphabets seq Yi = y1, y2, , yn, where i = 1, 2,, n we say that there exist a sequence of partial function i = 1, 2, , n, where i = 1, 2,, n. Then we can say that DXM accepts the inputs when there exist a sequence of states si = s1, s2 sn, where i = 1, 2. . . n. In schema BDXM the variable stringIn? belongs to strings. The variable stringOut! belongs to messages. The length of input alphabets and output alphabets are equal. For all i belonging to the elements of cardinality of stringIn?, when the value of i is equal to 1 then there exists q, q1 states and m, m1 are memory states, q is the initial state, m1 b elongs to memory, for i-th element of stringIn? and m belongs to alpha there is a message of type SigmaOut which is the i-th element of stringOut!, and the transition function trans acting on state and and partial function (m, m1) gives a new state q1. It repeatedly reads the input from stringIn? and writes the messages on stringOut! by altering the memory until the final state is not reached or the there is no element in stringIn?. If the last state of the sequence of visited states is a final state then the whole string is accepted otherwise rejected. BDXM DDXM stringIn?: seq SigmaIn stringOut!: seq SigmaOut strings: seq SigmaIn messages: seq SigmaOut stringIn? strings stringOut! messages # stringIn? = # stringOut! i: i 1 .. # stringIn? i = 1 q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory q = q0 q1 states m memory m1 memory stringIn? i m alpha stringOut! i m1 beta q m m1 dom trans q1 ran trans 1 i # stringIn? q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory q states q1 states m memory m1 memory stringIn? i m alpha stringOut! i m1 beta q m m1 dom trans q1 ran trans i = # stringIn? q, q1: Q; m, m1 : Memory q = q0 q1 T m memory m1 memory stringIn? i m alpha stringOut! i m1 beta q m m1 q1 trans 5.5 Design of Nondeterministic Stream X-Machine A particular class of X-machine is Stream X-Machine which is defined as 8-tuple NSXM = (, , Q, M, , F, q0, m0), where: 1. is a finite set of input alphabets. 2. is a finite set of output alphabets. 3. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 4. M is possibly finite set of memory on which the machine operates. 5. is a finite set of partial functions that map an input and a memory state to an output and a new memory state, i. e., : x M x M. 6. F is next state partial function that gives a state and a function from the type , P Q denotes the set of next states. F is often described as a transition state diagram, i. e., F: Q x PQ. For each state q and for every partial function , there is a power set of states P Q such that F (q1, ) = P Q. 7. The q0 is an initial state. 8. The m0 is an initial memory. NSXM states: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory trans: Q SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory Q q0: Q m0: Memory states q0 states m0 memory q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q states q1 states m memory m1 memory i alphaIn o alphaOut i m dom function o m1 ran function s, s1: Q s states s1 states q function s trans q1 function s1 trans q function = q1 function s = s1 Invariants: a) The set states is a nonempty set. b) The state q0 is an initial memory. c) The memory element m0 is the initial memory. d) For each partial function ((i, m), (o, m1)) where i belongs to input alphabet, o belong to output alphabet, m and m1 of type memory, there exists a transition function trans ((q, function), s) acts on q and a partial function and return a set of states. In the formal specification of nondeterministic stream X-machine the description of the variables states, alphaIn, alphaOut, memory and q0 is same as previously defined in section 5.2. The variable function of type (SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory) is introduced to describe the set of all possible partial functions from (SigmaIn Memory) to (SigmaOut Memory), which receives an input alphabet of type SigmaIn and returns an output alphabet of type SigmaOut by altering the memory. The transition function trans of type (Q function) PQ) is introduced to describe the transitions of the machine for each input (q, function), where q is a state and function is a partial function from (SigmaIn Memory) to (SigmaOut Memory), there must be a unique output q1 of type Q. The initial state q0 is of type Q and m0 is an initial memory of type Memory. 5.6 Design of Stream X-machine A particular class of X-machine is Stream X-Machine which is defined as 9-tuple SXM = (, , Q, M, , F, start, finals, m0) where: 1. is a finite set of input alphabets. 2. is a finite set of output alphabets. 3. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 4. M is a possibly finite set of memory on which the machine operates. 5. a finite set of partial functions that map an input and a memory state to an output and a new memory state, i. e., : x M x M. 6. F is next state partial function that takes a state and a function from the type and gives next state. F is often described as a transition state diagram, i. e., F: Q x Q. For each state q1 and for every partial function , there is a new state q such that F (q1, ) = q. 7. The start is initial state and m0 is an initial memory. The symbols Q, Memory, SigmaIn and SigmaOut are the fundamental data types respectively. All the 9 tuples of stream X-machine are defined as: states of type Q, alphaIn of type SigmaIn is a set of input alphabets alphaOut of type SigmaOut is a set of possible messages that a machine can send, memory of type Memory which is possibly finite set of memory elements which can be a stack, queue, register, RAM or any type of memory. Set of partial functions is defined as function of type (SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory), each element of function takes an input and memory element and returns a new memory state and message. The trans is the set of transitions of SXM of type (Q function) PQ which takes a function and state, returns a new state and message. The start is the initial state of type Q, and m0 is the initial memory of type Memory. The formal specification of stream X-machine in Z is given below. SXM states: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory trans: Q SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory Q q0: Q m0: Memory states q0 states m0 memory q, q1: Q; d, d1: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q states q1 states d memory d1 memory i alphaIn o alphaOut i d dom function o d ran function q function dom trans q1 ran trans Invariants: a) The set of states is a nonempty set. b) The q0 is in set states. c) The memory element m0 is in set memory. d) For each partial function ((i, m), (o, m1)) where i belongs to input alphabet, o belongs to output alphabet and m, m1 of type memory there exists a transition function trans ((q, ((i, m), (o, m))), q1) where trans acts on q and partial function ((i, m), (o, m1)) returns a new state q1. 5.7 Design of Path of Stream X-machine A path is a connected sequence of arcs through the machine starting from one state and ending at another, possibly the same one. A successful path is one in which first state is the start state and last state belongs to final states. The behavior of X-machine is defined as the union of all the successful paths. To specify the PATH we declare XSXM which indicates that this is an operation in which the state does not change the values of states, alphaIn, alphaOut, memory, function, transition, q0 and m0 variables respectively. The variable arc of type of power set of (Q Q) is defined to denote the edge from q to q of type Q, and path is introduced to define the sequence of states from q0 to q where q is a final state. PATH XSXM arc: Q Q path: seq Q q, q1: Q q states q1 states sf: seq function; i: i # sf i 1 .. # path i + 1 # path path i states i dom path q function q1 trans q q1 arc path i path i + 1 arc sf i function Invariants: a) If q, q1 belong to states, belongs to and (q1, (q, )) belongs to trans, we say that function is the arc from q to q1, represented function: q q1. If q, q1 belong to Q such that there exist q1,, qn-1 in Q and 1,, n belonging to with 1: q q1, 2: q1 q2,, n:qn-1 q1 we say that we have a path p = 1 n from q to q1 and write p : q q1. 5.8 Design of Stream X-machine Computation The computation of stream X-machine is defined as stream X-machine and paths are accessed as read only which are defined in section 5.5 and 5.6. The input and output streams are defined as streamIn and streamOut of type sequence of SigmaIn and sequence of SigmaOut respectively. The variable epsiI is a nil input alphabet of type SigmaIn and epsiO nil output alphabet of type SigmaOut. SXM_Computation XSXM XPATH streamIn: seq SigmaIn streamOut: seq SigmaOut epsiI: SigmaIn epsiO: SigmaOut epsiI ran streamIn streamIn epsiO ran streamOut ran streamIn alphaIn ran streamOut alphaOut q: Q; m: Memory q states m memory epsiI m epsiO m function q function q trans q: Q; m, m1: Memory; g: SigmaOut; i: 1 i # streamIn i # path i + 1 # path q states m memory m1 memory g alphaOut i = 1 q = q0 q1: Q q1 states q0 q1 arc path i = q0 path i + 1 = q1 streamIn i m g m function q0 function q1 trans streamOut = streamOut g 1 i # streamIn q1: Q q1 states q q1 arc path i = q path i + 1 = q1 streamIn i m g m function q function q1 trans streamOut = streamOut g i = # streamIn q T q1: Q q1 states q q1 arc path i = q path i + 1 = q1 streamIn i m g m function q0 function q trans streamOut = streamOut g Invariants: a) The symbols streamIn and streamOut are the sequences of input and out respectively. b) The symbols epsiI and epsiO are the nil input and output alphabets respectively. c) Each element of input sequence belongs to the set of input alphabets of SXM and each element of output sequence must be from the set of output alphabets of SXM. d) The transition function for each state have the initial value as ((q, epsiI, m), (epsiO, m, q)) which shows it takes no input and gives no output. e) For each state q and q1 which belongs to arc there exists a path from q to q1 which give rise to a new function. f) Each element s of input sequence streamIn acting on memory m will give a new memory m1 and a new output element g which is concatenated with streamOut sequence (streamOut ^ g) at each iteration. In computation of stream X-machine the inputs and outputs are the streams of input and output alphabets. At each state a function is applied, the selection of next state depends upon the first input symbol, memory status and current state. The function computes the new memory state by updating the memory and produces output message which is concatenated at the tail of output stream. The first input alphabet is removed from the head of the input stream. This process continues in this way, while traversing the path and generating the output stream until the input stream is empty and a final state is reached. 5.9 X-Machine Model of an Ant Here we take the biological inspired intelligent agent as case study. The stream X-machine model of ant agent is given in Fig 5.1. The goal of the agent is to find food and carry it to their nest. This goal can be achieved by searching for food at random or follow the pheromone trails. When food is found it should leave pheromone trail moving back to its nest, when nest is found again it drops the food [16]. 1. Input alphabet is defined as ({space, nest} U FOOD) x COORD x COORD). 2. The set of outputs is defined as set of messages {moving_freely, moving_to_nest, dropping_food }. 3. The set of states Q in which agent can be are {At Nest, Moving Freely, At Food, Going Back to Nest, Looking for Food}. 4. Memory M of the agent is (FOOD U {none}) x (COORD x COORD) x sequence (COORD x COORD). 5. Initial memory m0 is defined as (none, (0, 0), nil). 6. Start state q0 is At Nest, (0, 0) is assumed the position of the nest. 7. The type is a set of functions of the form function_name (input_tuple, memory_tuple) (output, memory_tuple). [FOOD] Q ::At_Nest Moving_Freely At_Food Back_to_Nest Looking_for_Food SigmaOut ::moving_freely moving_to_nest moving_to_food lifting_food more_food dropping_food found_nest_again got_lost ignoring_food staying_at_nest FOOD is a basic type, Q is a set of states of an Ant and SigmaOut is a set of messages that an ant can send. Instruction: FOOD Instruction LOC: a, b: 0 a 0 b a b LOC SigmaIn: Instruction LOC SigmaIn LOC is a set of two dimensional locations, and SigmaIn is of type input alphabet which contains instruction and location. The Instruction is the set of all the possible instructions to the agent, which is either the name of a food item, belongs to FOOD or Space. The Space indicates that currently agent have no information about any food item or it have to stay at nest or ignore the food. The second element of each order pair is the location where the agent should have to move. CARRY: FOOD CARRY Memory: CARRY LOC seq LOC Memory Memory is the memory of agent where CARRY shows what the agent is carrying, LOC is the current location of the agent and seq LOC is the list of food items locations. Function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory Function is the axiomatic definition of partial function which it gets an input alphabet and a memory element and returns a message as output alphabet and a new memory state by altering the memory. The Function is defined as an abstract data type to define all the possible operations that an Ant can perform. ANT DSXM none: FOOD nest: FOOD space: FOOD lift_food: Function move: Function move_to_food: Function move_to_nest: Function find_food: Function drop_food: Function find_nest: Function gotlost: Function ignore_food: Function stay_at_nest: Function m0 = none 0 0 q0 = At_Nest function = lift_food move move_to_nest move_to_food move_to_nest find_fooddrop_food find_nest gotlost ignore_food stay_at_nest i: Instruction; a, b, x, y: ; c: CARRY; list: seq LOC; o: SigmaOut; in: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory; fpx, fpy: ; f: FOOD o alphaOut m memory m1 memory in = space x y o = moving_freely m = none a b m1 = none x y in m o m1 = move in = space x y o = moving_to_food m = none a b list m1 = none x y list fpx fpy in m o m1 = move_to_food in = space x y o = moving_to_nest m = f a b list m1 = f x y list in m o m1 = move_to_nest in = f x y o = lifting_food m = none a b list m1 = f x y list m1 = f x y list x y in m o m1 = lift_food in = f fpx fpy o = more_food m = f x y list m1 = f x y list x y in m o m1 = find_food in = nest 0 0 o = dropping_food m = f x y list m1 = none 0 0 list in m o m1 = drop_food in = nest 0 0 o = found_nest_again m = none x y list m1 = none 0 0 list in m o m1 = find_nest in = nest fpx fpy o = got_lost m = none x y fpx fpy m1 = m0 in m o m1 = gotlost in = f 0 0 o = ignoring_food m = none 0 0 list m1 = m in m o m1 = ignore_food in = nest 0 0 o = staying_at_nest m = none 0 0 list m1 = none 0 0 list in m o m1 = stay_at_nest q: Q; f: Function f function q states q = At_Nest f = ignore_food q f q trans q = At_Nest f = stay_at_nest q f q trans q = At_Nest f = move At_Nest f Moving_Freely trans q = At_Nest f = move_to_food q f Looking_for_Food trans q = Moving_Freely f = move q f q trans q = Moving_Freely f = find_nest q f At_Nest trans q = Moving_Freely f = lift_food q f At_Food trans q = Looking_for_Food f = gotlost q f Moving_Freely trans q = Looking_for_Food f = lift_food q f At_Food trans q = Looking_for_Food f = find_nest q f At_Nest trans q = Looking_for_Food f = move_to_food q f q trans q = At_Food f = move_to_nest q f Back_to_Nest trans q = Back_to_Nest f = find_food q f q trans q = Back_to_Nest f = move_to_nest q f q trans q = Back_to_Nest f = drop_food q f At_Nest trans Invariants: a) lift_food, move, move_to_food, move_to_nest, find_food, drop_food, find_nest, gotlost, ignore_food, stay_at_nest are the functions of an Ant. All the functions have the same type as the function of SXM. Each function is an element of function. b) The memory element m0 is an initial memory state which shows that agent carrying nothing currently, its current location is At_Nest and the list of food elements is empty. c) The state q0 is an initial state which is At_Nest. d) The function is the new state of function of SXM which is the set of all the possible actions that an ant can perform. e) All the possible operations an agent can perform are defined as functions in which it takes an input of type Instruction, LOC and a MEMOEY element of type FOOD U {none}, current location of the agent and list of food items, and generates a new memory status by altering the current memory and returns a message. f) For each input in of type (Instruction LOC) in the set of alphaIn of SXM a memory element m in memory of SXM, m1 in new state of memory memory and output alphabet o in set of SigmaOut, there exist a partial function of type Function in function where (in, m) in set domain of function and (o, m1) is in set range of function. g) For each partial function f in function where in is input alphabet, o is output alphabet and m, m1 of type memory, and q, q1 of type Q in set states of an Ant, there exists a transition function trans ((q, f), q1) where trans acts on q and partial function f and returns a new state q1. The SXM imposed all the general constraints that an Ant should posses, but the specific data types and functions of an Ant are different from a general SXM. Therefore there is a need to define all the functions and other required data types which are used in an Ant specification. By using the we can reuse the SXM schema in ANT schema. Further there is no need to redefine all the SXM data types. We only define the following abstract data types SigmaIn, SigmaOut, Memory, Q and functions. The variable none of type FOOD describes that currently the agent is carrying nothing, nest and space of type FOOD indicate where the agent have to move, i. e., either stay at nest of moving freely. All the operations that an agent can perform are define as lift_food, move, move_to_nest, move_to_food, find_food, drop_food, find_nest, goltlost, ingnore_food and stay_ at_nest are of type Function. The formal specification of agent Ant is given below. 5.10 Design of Communicating Stream X-Machine A communicating stream machine is a stream X-machine with the following four different types of functions of type, i: (s, m) = (m, g), where s i, g i, m, m Mi. a). Functions that read the input from the standard input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., i: (s, m) = (m, g). b). Functions that read the input from a communication input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., i: (sj, m) = (m, g). c). Functions that read the input from the standard input stream and write their output to a communication output stream, i. e., i: (s, m) = (m, gk). d). Functions that read the input from a communication input stream and write their output to a communication output stream, i. e., i: (sj, m) = (m, gk). These functions are named as SISO, ISSO, SIOS and ISOS which are defined below. SISO: SI is the standard input stream and SO is the standard output stream. The function SISO read the input from the standard input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., SISO: ((s, m) = (m, g). ISSO: IS is the input stream of another machine j and SO is the standard output stream. The function ISSO read the input from a communication input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., ISSO: (sj, m) = (m, g). SIOS: SI is the standard input stream and OS is the communicating output stream. The function SIOS read the input from standard input stream and write their output to communicating output stream k, i. e., SIOS: (s, m) = (m, gk). ISOS: IS is the communicating input stream and OS is the communicating output stream. The function ISOS read the input from communicating input stream j and write their output to communicating output stream k, i. e., ISOS: (sj, m) = (m, gk). The formal specification of communicating stream X-machine is described in schema CSXM. CSXM DSXM SISO: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory SIOS: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory ISSO: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory ISOS: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory ist: seq SigmaIn ost: seq SigmaOut is: seq seq SigmaIn os: seq seq SigmaOut ist ran is ost ran os function = SISO SIOS ISSO ISOS i: ; isq: seq SigmaIn i 1 i isq is j: 1 j j # isq isq j alphaIn i: ; osq: seq SigmaOut i 1 i osq os j: 1 j j # osq osq j alphaOut i, j, k: 1 i i # ist 1 j j # ost 1 k k j m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is sq = ist gq ran os gq = ost # sq I # gq i sq i m dom SISO gq i m1 ran SISO m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is sq = ist gq ran os # sq I # gq k sq i m dom SIOS gq k m1 ran SIOS m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is gq ran os gq = ost # sq j # gq i sq j m dom ISSO gq i m1 ran ISSO m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is gq ran os # sq j # gq k sq j m dom ISOS gq k m1 ran ISOS Invariants: a) The ist belongs to the range of is. b) The ost belongs to the range of os. c) The function is the new state of set of functions which is the union of the above mentioned four types of functions. d) Each element of each communicating input stream is in the set of input alphabets alphaIn. e) Each element of each communicating output stream belongs to the set of output alphabets alphaOut. f) For each input and output there exist m belongs to memory and m1 belongs to new state of memory memory. For each i, j and k are integers from 1 to the length of input sequence, there exists m and m memory elements and if gq and sq belong to standard output and input streams then (sq i, m) belongs to domain of SISO and (gq i, m1) belongs to range of SISO. If gq belongs to communicating output stream k then (sq i, m) belongs to domain of SIOS and (gq k, m1) belongs to range of SIOS. Whenever sq belongs to communicating input stream j then (sq j, m) belongs to domain of ISSO and (gq i, m1) belongs to range of ISSO, further when sq and gq are communicating input and output streams j and k respectively then (sq j, m) belongs to domain of ISOS and (gq k , m1) belongs to range of it. The formal specification of communicating stream X-machine is same as stream X-machine except these four functions. So, we reuse the specification of SXM and define these four functions and relationship between communicating functions and SXM which becomes a CSXM. Data and communication are modeled separately, data is modeled in SXM and communication is modeled in CSXM which provide the benefit of reusability of SXM models. The variables SISO, SIOS, ISSO and ISOS of (SigmaIn Memory) (SigmaOut Memory) are defined to describe the four different combinations of input and output streams. The ist and ost are the standard input and out streams of type sequence of SigmaIn and sequence of SigmaOut respectively. The variable is is introduced to define the sequence of input streams of type sequence of SigmaIn and os is defined to describe the sequence of output streams of type sequence of SigmaOut. 5.11 Design of Communicating Stream X-machine System A communicating X-machine system consists of a number of X-machines that can exchange messages with each other. A CSXMS is defined as Z= ((Ci)i=1,, n, CR) where: 1. Ci is a i-th communicating X-machine component. 2. CR is a relation which defines the communication between the communicating X-machine components, i. e., CR C C and C = {C1, , Cn}. A tuple (Ci, Ck) CR denotes that the X-machine component Ci can output a message to a corresponding input stream of the X-machine component Ck for any i, k {1, . . . , n}, i k. Z C: CSXM CR: CSXM CSXM c, c1: CSXM c C c1 C c c1 CR c c1 m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c . ist g ran c . ost s m dom c . SISO g m1 ran c . SISO m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c . ist g ran c1 . ost s m dom c . SIOS g m1 ran c . SIOS m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c1 . ist g ran c . ost s m dom c . ISSO g m1 ran c . ISSO m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c1 . ist g ran c1 . ost s m dom c . SIOS g m1 ran c . SIOS Invariants: For each c and c1 of type CSXM where (c, c1) is in relation CR, there exists m, m1 of type memory of machine c. Input and output alphabets s and g are of type SigmaIn and SigmaOut respectively. If s belongs to the range of standard input stream ist of machine c and g belongs to the range of standard output streams ost of machine c then the partial function (s, m), (g, m1) belongs to function SISO. Further if g belongs to the output stream of machine c1 then the partial function (s, m), (g, m1) belongs to SIOS. Similarly, if s belongs to the input stream of machine c1 then the partial function (s, m),(g, m1) belongs to ISSO, otherwise the partial function (s, m), (g, m1) belongs to ISOS. The formal specification of CSXMS is described in schema CSXM where we introduced a variable C of type power set of CSXM to define a set of communicating stream X-machines. CR is a relation of type power set of (CSXM CSXM), where c and c1 are communicating stream X-machines which can communicate with each other. 5.12 Traffic Control System We take the case study of traffic control system to use the complete proposed formal modeling technique on an agent-based system. The case study is selected to demonstrate the applicability of the integrated formal modeling approach. This is accomplished by using the traffic control system which is derived from an original text written in [4]. The traffic control system is composed of the following components, queue of cars, traffic signal lights and controller as illustrated in Fig 5.1. The scenario of the problem is as follows: a) To make sure the safe depart of the cars that arrive at the traffic junction. b) The cars are waiting in the queue to depart. If the signal is red then cars wait until the signal becomes green. c) When a new car arrives it is added at the tail of the queue and when a car leaves it leaves from the front of the queue. 5.12.1 Components of the System The traffic control system is composed of the following components called agents. a) Traffic queue agent b) Traffic signal agent and c) Controller agent. 5.12.2 Traffic Queue Agent The traffic queue agent is characterized by following elements. a) A queue of traffic holds the sequence of cars arrived at the junction. b) Traffic arrived at queue are added at the tail of the queue. c) Traffic leaves the queue when signal is green. d) Make sure the safe depart of traffic at the junction. The X-machine model of traffic queue is illustrated in Fig. 5.2, where the input set of X-machine is: = {arrive, leave}. The input alphabet is a composite type that contains an input and a car. The output of the system consists of a set of messages that may displayed on the screen = {FirstArrived, NextArrived, CarLeft, LastCarLeft, NoCarInQueue}. The set of states is: Q= {empty, queuing}. The machines memory M is a sequence of cars. The set of function is {first_arrives, arrives, leaves, last_leaves, reject}. TrafficQueue DSXM first_arrives: FUNCTION arrives: FUNCTION leaves: FUNCTION last_leaves: FUNCTION reject: FUNCTION q0 = empty m0 = function = first_arrives arrives leaves last_leaves reject i: Input; c: CAR; g: SigmaOut; s: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory i c SigmaIn s SigmaIn m memory m1 memory s = arrive c m = m0 m1 = c s m FirstArrived m1 = first_arrives s = arrive c m m0 m1 = m c s m NextArrived m1 = arrives s = arrive head m m m0 m1 = tail m s m CarLeft m1 = leaves s = arrive head m m m0 m1 = m0 s m LastCarLeft m1 = last_leaves s = arrive c m = m0 m1 = m0 s m NoCarInQueue m1 = reject q: Q; f: FUNCTION q states f function q = empty f = first_arrives q f queuing trans q = queuing f = arrives q f queuing trans q = queuing f = leaves q f queuing trans q = queuing f = last_leaves q f empty trans q = empty f = reject q f empty trans Invariants: a) The state Empty is the start state. b) Initial memory is an empty sequence of cars. c) The function is the new state of functions of queue. d) All the functions of X-machine take an input alphabet and memory element and return a message by altering the memory value. e) All the transitions of the machine take a state and a function and return a new state by altering the memory, read the input and return a message. [CAR] Q ::empty queuing Input ::arrive leave SigmaOut ::FirstArrived NextArrived CarLeft LastCarLeft NoCarInQueue Memory: seq CAR SigmaIn: Input CAR Function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory CAR is a fundamental data type and Input is of type instruction. Memory is a set of sequences of cars. SigmaIn of type power set of (Input CAR), which contains an instruction and a car. Function is an abstract type of function which is defined to describe the functions of the queue. To define all the tuples of queue we reuse the general specification of stream X-machine SXM as defined in section 5.5. The formal specification of X-machine of a queue is presented above using Z notation. The function of the machine takes an input alphabet and a memory element, and returns output alphabet and new memory state. In the formal specification of traffic queue agent, we write SXM to denote the schema SXM that defines all the tuples of the general stream X-machine. The variables first_arrives, arrives, leaves, last_leaves and reject are the functions of type Function which traffic queue agent can perform. 5.12.3 Communicating Traffic Queue Agent The previously defined X-machine of a queue of cars can communicate with signal light in such a way: when the traffic light becomes green, the queue is notified to leave a car, and cars can depart one by one until there is least one car in the queue. More cars can arrive to the queue, waiting for a signal to depart. Whenever there is a green signal from the traffic light but there is no car in the queue the machine ignores the signal. Functionality of the communicating X-machine is defined as: The first_arrives and arrives functions read from standard input stream and write on standard output streams. The functions leaves, last_leaves and reject read from the communication stream of signal light instead of standard input stream and write the output to the standard output stream of TrafficcQueue. In this way every car leaves the queue whenever thers is a message from the signal light to leave that makes sure the safe depart of the car from junction. It may also write to a communicating input stream of another X-machine. The normal output of the functions is not affected. The definition of function in TrafficQueue changes from that in the definition of CommTrafficQueue. To specify the communicating traffic queue agent we reused the specification of TrafficQueue and CSXM schema. There is only need to define the communicating functions of the machine through which it can communicate with other agents of the system. CommTrafficQueue XTrafficQueue DCSXM SISO = first_arrives arrives SIOS = SIOS ISSO = leaves last_leaves reject ISOS = ISOS is = is os = os Invariants: a) In communicating X-machine of traffic queue, the definition of functions first_arrives and arrives remain same. The set of function SISO which read from and write on standard input and output streams respectively. It becomes SISO which contains two functions first_arrives and arrives. b) The definition of functions leaves, last_leaves and reject are changed as it reads from communication input stream and writes on standard output stream. The set of functions ISSO contains three function leaves, last_leaves and reject. c) The set of functions SIOS and ISOS remains same as SIOS and ISOS. d) The standard input and output streams is and os remains unchanged as is and os. 5.12.4 Traffic Light Agent A traffic light agent is characterized by the following elements: a) Two light signals red and green, b) Holds the total number of ticks elapsed since the last change of signal, c) Holds the number of ticks that a signal should be displayed, d) Holds the number of ticks before start the working and e) Switch between the signals. All the tuples of X-machine of traffic light agent are defined as: a) Set of input alphabets is a set of time unit called ticks. b) A set of output alphets = {Red, Green, Statrup}. c) The memory of the agent is defined as: (timeelapsed, delay, DurGreen, DurRed), where timeelpased shows the number of ticks elapsed since last signal changed, delay defines the times required to start, and DurGreen and DurRed are used to define the period of a signal to be displayed respectively. d) The set of functions of the agent are defined as: function = {delay, change_green, keep_green, change_red, keep_red}. The functions are activated by reading the input of type TICK. e) The transition functions of the agent are illustrated in Fig 5.4. f) The set of states is defined as = {red, green}. g) The state red is an initial state and m0 is the initial memory of agent. Q ::red green SigmaOut ::RedColour GreenColour StartUp Memory: i, j, k, l: 0 i 0 j 1 k 1 l i j k l Memory SigmaIn: TICK TICK is the abstract data type which is introduced to define the set of input alphabet SigmaIn of type power set of TICK. A TICK indicates a clock tick. Q is the set states of the agent. Memory is a set of possible memory elements of the agent which is defined as a power set of type (Z Z Z Z), where Z is a non negative integer value. To formally specify the traffic light agent we reuse the specification of SXM which defines all the tuples of the agent. Here we only define the particular functions of the agent which are delay, change_green, change_red, keep_green and keep_red of type Function. TrafficLight DSXM delay: Function change_green: Function change_red: Function keep_green: Function keep_red: Function q0 = red m0 = 0 20 60 40 function = delay change_green change_red keep_green keep_red g: SigmaOut; s: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory; w, x, y, z: s alphaIn g alphaOut m memory m1 memory 0 w 0 x 1 y 1 z w x y z Memory m = m0 x 0 x = x 1 m1 = w x y z s m StartUp m1 = delay w z w = w + 1 m1 = w x y z s m RedColour m1 = keep_red w y w = w + 1 m1 = w x y z s m GreenColour m1 = keep_green w = z m1 = 0 0 y z s m GreenColour m1 = change_green w = y w = w + 1 m1 = 0 0 y z s m RedColour m1 = change_red q: Q; f: Function q states f function q = red f = keep_red q f red trans q = red f = change_green q f green trans q = red f = delay q f red trans q = green f = keep_green q f green trans q = green f = change_red q f red trans q = green f = delay q f green trans Invariants: a) The state red is the start state. b) Memory is initialized as (0, 20, 60, 40). c) The function is the new state of functions of traffic light. d) All the functions of x-machine are defined as: it takes an input alphabet and memory element and returns a message by altering the memory value. The transition of the machine takes a state and a function and returns a new state by altering the memory, read an input and write an output. 5.12.5 Communicating Traffic Light Agent A communicating traffic light agent communicates with traffic queue agent and controller agent. It sends a message to traffic queue agent which will be an input to the agent. It receives messages from controller agent to switch the signal as illustrated in Fig 5.5. The change_green function receives a message from controller and changes the signal from read to green and send a message to traffic queue agent to allow the cars to leave the queue one by one. It is assumed that one car leaves the queue in one tick. The change_red function receives a message from the controller agent and writes on its standard output stream. In formal specification of communicating traffic light agent the specification of stand alone light agent is reused to define the communicating agent. Further predefined specification of abstract communicating stream X-machine is also reused which defines the communicating functions of the agent. The formal specification of communicating traffic light agent is given below. CommTrafficLight XTrafficLight DCSXM SISO = delay keep_red SIOS = keep_green ISSO = change_red ISOS = change_green is = is os = os Invariants: a) In communicating X-machine of traffic light, the definition of functions delay and keep_red remain same. The set of functions SISO which reads and writes on standard input and output streams respectively becomes SISO that contains two functions delay and keep_red. b) The definition of functions keep_green is changed as it reads from standard input stream and writes on communication output stream. The set of functions SIOS contains a function keep_green. c) The set of functions ISSO and ISOS contains function change_red and change_green respectively. d) The standard input and output streams is and os remain unchanged as is and os. 5.12.6 Controller Agent The controller agent is used to control a number of traffic light agents. In our case study we assume that there are four traffic light agents with their corresponding traffic queue agent and hence there must be a need of controller that controls the light agents. The controller agent controls the multiple light agents by scheduling on the basis of round robin scheduling technique as illustrated in Fig 5.6. The controller is also responsible for the synchronization and allocation of time share to traffic lights. Q ::schedule_light1 schedule_light2 schedule_light3 schedule_light4 Memory: SigmaOut: SigmaIn ::clock_pulse switch_device Q is the set of states which contains schedule_light1, schedule_light2, schedule_light3 and schedule_light4. Memory and SigmaOut are of type power set of natural numbers. SigmaIn is a set of input alphabets which contains clock_pulse and switch_device. Controller DSXM operate: FUNCTION switch: FUNCTION q0 = schedule_light1 m0 = 0 function = operate switch g: SigmaOut; s: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory s alphaIn g alphaOut m memory m1 memory s = clock_pulse g = m + 1 m1 = m + 1 s m g m1 = operate s = switch_device g = m m1 = m s m g m1 = switch q: Q; f: FUNCTION q states f function q = schedule_light1 q operate schedule_light1 trans q = schedule_light1 q switch schedule_light2 trans q = schedule_light2 q operate schedule_light2 trans q = schedule_light2 q switch schedule_light3 trans q = schedule_light3 q operate schedule_light3 trans q = schedule_light3 q switch schedule_light4 trans q = schedule_light4 q operate schedule_light4 trans q = schedule_light4 q switch schedule_light1 trans Invariants: a) The state schedule_light1 is the start state. b) Memory is initialized as (0). c) The variable function is the new state of functions of controller agent. d) All the functions of x-machine are defined as: it takes an input alphabet and memory element and returns a message by altering the memory value. All the transitions of the machine take a state and a function and return a new state by altering the memory, read an input and write an output. The formal definition of controller agent is defined as: The set of input alphabets = {clock_pulse, switch_light}. The output alphets are defined as a set of natural numbers. The memory of the agent is defined as a set of natural numbers. The set of functions of the agent are defined as: function = {operate, switch}. The transition functions of the agent are illustrated in Fig 5.4. The set of states is defined as {S1, S2, S3, S4}, where S1, S2, S3 and S4 are the instances of the traffic light agent. S1is the initial state and (0) is the initial memory of agent. 5.12.7 Communicating Controller Agent The communicating controller agent communicates with traffic lights to change the signal. It sends message tick to light agent and receives the message switch_device from the traffic light agent which provides a synchronization mechanism. In formal specification of communicating controller agent, the predefined stand alone controller agents specification is reused to define the communicating controller agent. Further predefined specification of abstract communicating stream X-machine is also reused which defines the communicating functions of the controller agent. The formal specification of communicating traffic light agent is given below. ComController XController DCSXM SISO = operate SIOS = SIOS ISSO = ISSO ISOS = switch is = is os = os Invariants: a) In communicating X-machine of controller agent the function operate remains same as defined in CSXM. The set of functions SISO which read from and write on standard input and output streams respectively becomes SISO that contain a function operate. b) The definition of function switch is changed as it reads from standard input stream and writes on communication output stream. The function ISOS contain a function switch. c) The set of functions SIOS and ISSO remain unchanged. d) The standard input and output streams is and os remain unchanged as is and os. 5.11.8 Agent based Traffic Control System The agent-based traffic control system (ABTCS) consists at a controller agent and four traffic light agents with corresponding traffic queue agents. The controller agent switches the signals of the traffic light agents. The traffic light agent communicates with controller agent and also with its corresponding traffic queue agent. The traffic queue agent only communicates with a single traffic light agent. To formally specify the ABSTCS we redefine the communicating stream X-machine system because there are three types of agents which communicate with each other. Therefore the existing definition cannot be used to define the ABTCS. In schema TrafficControlSystem the variables C1 of type power set of CommTrafficQueue is introduced to define the set of communicating traffic queue agents, C2 of type power set of CommTrafficLight to describe the set of communicating traffic light agents and C3 of type ComController to introduce the communicating controller agent. The variable CR is defined as a relation of type (CommTrafficQueue CommTrafficLight ComController) which defines a relationship between traffic queue agent, light agent and controller agent and provides a mechanism in which they can exchange messages. TrafficControlSystem C1: CommTrafficQueue C2: CommTrafficLight C3: ComController CR: CommTrafficQueue CommTrafficLight ComController cq: CommTrafficQueue; cl: CommTrafficLight; cc: ComController cq C1 cl C2 cc C3 cq cl cc CR In the above specification the invariant is defined as for all cq of type CommTrafficQueue, cl of type CommTrafficLight and cc of type ComController such that cq belongs to C1, cl belongs to C2 and cc belongs to C3 which holds that (cq,cl, cc) belongs to relation CR which indicates that these three agents can communicate with each other. To specify the ABTCS we introduced the variables queue1, queue2, queue3 and queue4 to define the four queue agent of type communicating queue agents. Similarly, light1, light2, light3 and light4 are introduced to describe the four traffic light agents which can communicate with other agents of the system. The controller agent is defined as controller. The variables nilq, nils and nilc are introduced to define the null value of sets C1, C2 and C3. This specification shows that we are not defining all the agents from scratch we just specify a single agent of one type and then we can create instance of these agent with different initial memory values an d start state according to the requirements. AgentBasedTrafficControlSystem DTrafficControlSystem queue1, queue2, queue3, queue4, nilq: CommTrafficQueue light1, light2, light3, light4, nils: CommTrafficLight controller, nilc: ComController queue1 . q0 = empty queue2 . q0 = empty queue3 . q0 = empty queue4 . q0 = empty light1 . q0 = green light2 . q0 = red light3 . q0 = red light4 . q0 = red light1 . m0 = (0, 0, 20, 60) light2 . m0 = (0, 20, 20, 60) light3 . m0 = (0, 20, 20, 60) light4 . m0 = (0, 20, 20, 60) queue1 . m0 = queue1 . m0 = queue1 . m0 = queue1 . m0 = C1 = {queue1, queue2, queue3, queue4, nilq} C2 = {light1, light2, light3, light4, nils} C3 = {controller, nilc} Invariants: a) In this specification we define the four instance of traffic queue agent. The initial state q0 and initial memory m0 of all the traffic queue agent is initialized by empty and empty sequence respectively. b) The initial state q0 of traffic light agent light1 is initialized by green which means that when the system starts the signal of traffic light1 must be green and the signal of the remaining light agent light2, light3 and light 4 must be read. c) The initial memory m0 of traffic light agent 1 is set to (0,0,20,60) which shows that at the startup it immediately starts working without waiting a single tick, it must remains green and red till 20 and 60 ticks respectively. d) The traffic light agents light2, light3 and light4 are defined with initial memory (0, 20, 20, 60). e) The set of communicating traffic queue agents is changed from C1 to C1 and consists of queue1, queue2, queue3 and queue4 agents. f) The set of communicating traffic light agents is changed from C2 to C2 and consists of queue1, queue2, queue3 and queue4 agents g) C3 the set of controller agents contains a single agent controller.

Parkinsons Disease and Body Weight - 952 Words

Parkinson’s Disease: Relationship with Parkinson’s Disease and Body Weight Ethics are the key to the safe and reliable supply of services within an industry. Modern medicine has several ethical standards in place. The College of Nurses (CNO) states that considering ethical issues is essential to providing care. The ethical framework is in place to guide nurses in the changing times of new technology and to help prevent and work through ethical conflicts (College of Nurses, 2009, p. 3). A registered practical nurse has been documenting her patient Mr. Gurt’s weight inaccurately. Patient care is a very important element that must be handled with respect and great care. With regards to Mr. Gurt’s case presented, there has been an ethical†¦show more content†¦Gurt is already thin and weak; therefore his bones are as well and he is at a higher risk for breaking bones or falling because he will have reduced strength. With weakened bones, he is at risk for osteoporosis, joint pain and inflammation, arthritis, a weakened immune system, and tr ouble regulating body temperature which can lead to very preventable complications. Mr. Gurt’s skin is breaking down partly due to environmental factors but mostly due to lack of care. If the health care staff repositions Mr. Gurt every two to four hours, the rick of ulcers will decrease, allowing for optimal skin integrity achievement. The registered practical nurse can be charged with negligence and staff may receive suspension or loss of license to practice or with restrictions. The nurse may have taught other staff members especially anyone who was new the improper way to complete a task and documentation. Ultimately, the hospital could become subject to legal questioning due to the absence of ethical practices. This can prove to be very problematic as it holds the potential to result in a legal lawsuit due to the inaccuracy of patient information maintenance. This can cause further implications on the evolution of the hospital as it will be forced to deal with expenses regarding legal issues that could have been easily avoided. The hospitals standards will be viewed as incomplete and or not enforced because the nurse has not been confronted about her actions. The hospitalsShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease Affects The Brain877 Words   |  4 Pagesdisorder, Parkinson’s disease affects the neurons in th e human brain. This disease affects everyone differently. However, there are common symptoms that all patients with Parkinson’s experience. At this time, there is no cure for the disease, but there are several ways to improve the quality of life. Although research is never complete, there is a lot of information on Parkinson’s disease that individuals should know. 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The Case Study Analysis For Fitness For Health.

Question: Discuss About The Case Study Analysis For Fitness For Health. Answer: Introduction Fitness for Health (F4H) is a gym based in Howick/Pakuranga in New Zealand. Currently fitness industry in the country is worth NZ$300-350 million every year. The country is experiencing recent boom in the fitness industry with new centers opening now and then in the country(Buchanan, 2010). There has been immense influx of international brands and low cost gym centers as well. F4H has an advantage culturally over its competitors as it is based from New Zealand itself. It has a strong understand of the local culture and understanding of the various demands. The company has been set up by John, who is a fitness instructor, Mary being a nutritionists and David, who is an equipment technician. The report analyses various operational strategy pertaining to the company. Principles and practices of operations management Apply the input-process-output model to the business operation of Fitness4Health gym Fitness4Health gym applies the Input-process-output model for its business operations in order to gain effectiveness. In the input processes clients are demonstrated various programs that are conducted by the company and then registered. Upon successful registration they are provided with diet plans, routine yoga, exercises and work-out plans on various machines at their gym centers(Aldrich, 2008). At the output stage clients experiences leaner bodies and well-shaped figures overcoming their obsess state. Their fitness levels also increases correspondingly. Figure 1 : Input-Process-Output Model Source: (slideshare.net, Retrieved on 10th December 2016) Describe, with illustrations, the role of management in a gym. (A minimum of THREE Areas) Management in a gym involves a series of diversified roles. Most pertinent amongst them are finance handling, managing employers primarily gym instructors and panning. the CEO is head of the organization and he control four departments as indicated in the figure below. Each department has its respective employees. Each department facilitates functioning pertaining to their areas. Accounts Finance Department: Various clients adopt various programs at the gym hence they pay different amounts to the gym. Such diversified financed needs to be adequately handled and catered to. Trainers Head: Gym instructors across the country need to be coordinated and briefed regarding the various programs that clients have opted for(Sinha, 2009). HR Department: Planning is a pertinent role and an important management functions. The programs of the gym need to be well planned such that each programs runs properly and customers are satisfied. HR plans each roles of employees. Sales Marketing Department, promotes various schemes and programs of the gym. Figure 2 : Organizational Structure Source : Author Principles and practices of human resource management Identify and discuss TWO of the many challenges faced by a Human Resource Manager (or a staff taking on the role of human resource management) in terms of the nature of work in a service oriented business like F4H gym. (Hint: compare that to a purely production environment) Discuss nature of cleric in a service oriented business like F4H gym. The nature of cleric in service oriented business like F4H gym primarily comprises of gym instructors, cleaning staff, billing staff, technicians and others. Discuss some basic duties or responsibilities of the HR manager in F4H Gym and challenges. The basic duties and responsibilities of HR manager of F4H Gym consist of assigning roles to employees and overseeing their performances. HR manager roles is diverse and encompasses recruitment, selection, training, development, designing pay packages, motivating employees, providing attractive rewards and perks and so on(Choi, 2010). Against production organizations challenges faced by HR managers in service organizations consists of inability to measure performance and inability to ascertain intrinsic rewards to job characteristics. In service organizations there needs to be certain benchmarks or key performance indicators against which performance of an employee can be ascertained(Christensen Hughes, 2008). Principles and practices of sales and marketing management Apply the concept of value to the gym membership? Discuss the linkage of value to elements of the marketing mix? Members of the gym derive high value from the services they receive from them. Customer generally joins a gym with expectations and the gym caters to such expectations by providing a comprehensive program by workout sessions, training on machines and a suitable diet plan. Marketing mix is a proposition that a company develops to cater to its market segment. There are four Ps associated with marketing mix as product, price, place and promotion. Customers derive value from the entire package or products and services from the marketing mix(Arena, 2010). Product for a client of a gym is the packaged program that it offers in terms of diet plans, training sessions and so on. Place of the gym is suitable as it is located within a locality and has a high school nearby hence any high school goers and members of the community can attend its sessions. Price of the various packages provided also derives considerable value as they offer competitive rates. Promotional strategies adopted by the company attract significant amounts of customers. Recommend TWO ways to build customer relationship for the business. The company can develop membership cards with which it can provide various offers to its customers. Offers and discounts through membership cards will attract a large number of customers for the company. The company can also develop personalized services as pick-up and drop services to alter to customers. Both this initiatives will looked upon as a customer relationship building strategy and will help satisfy and attract a large number of customers. Principles and practices of risk management Critically review what risk management would entail in running a gym Risk management involved in functioning of a gym is multifarious, as there can be significant risks from injuries occurring to clients from any training. Thus, risks management would involve carefully evaluating and assessing any situation that might lead to risks. Such circumstances need to be evaluated and then either mitigated, or transferred or avoided(Barsade, 2007). The second situation of risk can arise from customer unable to attain desired targets of slimming or weight loss in specific program and claiming for refund. Identify and discuss TWO risk management control options that could be adopted, and lastly Risk control options that will be included for functioning of the gym are avoidances and diversification. Any possibility of risks that can cause significant harm to the organization needs to be avoided and other risks that cannot be avoided needs to be either mitigated or transferred or diversified(Arena, 2010). Design and describe a risk management plan for a particular situation. An appropriate risk management plan for the purpose of the gym will include identifying risks, determining treatment for the risks, making plans and actions to form a course of action to either mitigate, or transfer, or avoid the risk. References Aldrich, H. (2008). Organizations and environments. Stanford University Press. Arena, M. A. (2010). The organizational dynamics of enterprise risk management. . Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(7), 659-675. Barsade, S. G. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations?. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 36-59. Buchanan, D. A. (2010). Organizational behaviour (p. 794). . Pearson education. Choi, M. . (2010). Individual readiness for organizational change and its implications for human resource and organization development. Human Resource Development Review, 1534484310384957. Christensen Hughes, J. a. (2008). Talent management: A strategy for improving employee recruitment, retention and engagement within hospitality organizations. . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(7), 743-757. Sinha, J. B. (2009). Culture and organizational behaviour. SAGE Publications India. slideshare.net. (Retrieved on 10th December 2016). Input Porcess Output Model. https://www.slideshare.net/cscordes/process-protocol-for-virtaul-team-effectivenessdissertation-presentation.

Psychological Theories of Sophocles Oedipus the King

Psychology and literature are united by a common intent in searching for the universal answers. Philosophy and literature helps to understand the motives of the heroes’ behavior and psychology explains how the poetry affects human emotions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Theories of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the greatest tragedies of Sophocles, Oedipus the King touches upon a deep psychological theme of the parents-son relations which lately was called the Oedipus complex and the theme of faith as a main key of the human’s life movement. Based a myth, the story begins before Oedipus’ birth when the oracle predicted Laius the King of Thebes the death from the hands of his son in case if he marries with Jocasta. Nevertheless, Laius disobeys the prediction and after the birth of his son, fearing for his life, orders to kill the chil d. Oedipus was left in the mountains but didn’t die. A Corinthian shepherd found the boy and cared about him. He took the boy to the Corinthian king Polybus who gave him the name of Oedipus and cared about him like a father. Suddenly, after many years, Oedipus learns that he was adopted. Asking Oracle about the solution, he is informed about a destiny to kill him father and marry his mother. Trying to avoid the faith, Oedipus leaves his home and goes to another place. However, the destiny can’t be changed. Running away, he travels down a road. He meets a group of people included his real father Laius. Oedipus kills all of them on the road after the arguments. Obviously, Oedipus couldn’t know that one of the men he killed was his real father. Therefore, the first prediction comes true. Oedipus comes to the City of Thebes, marries the queen and becomes a king saying that his â€Å"spirit grieves for the city, for myself and all of you† (Sophocles). Seeing h is responsibility, Oedipus tries to find the king’s murder. He lives happily with his wife for years and has four children. The will of man vs. the will of the Gods as a key characteristic of the whole Greek literature is clearly described by Sophocles. In spite of a will of the protagonist to avoid the prediction, faith is more powerful issue as an instrument of the Gods. Trying to find the murder of Laius, king Oedipus needs to ask the Gods. There is no solution in ancient Greece that can be found without Gods’ help.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oedipus asks Oracle from Apollo to help his investigation. And Oracle commands them â€Å"to drive the corruption from the land, and don’t harbor the murderer any longer† (Sophocles). Oedipus learns that he is that murder and his wife, in fact, is his mother. Thereby, the whole prediction has come t rue. Oedipus is a good ruler and honest and decent man. However, according to the ancient Greek literature, nothing can change the faith. King Laius has to be killed by his son and this happens by chance in such random situation. Nobody can prevent this to happen, if there is a faith that Oedipus has to be a murderer of his father. The heroes have no control over their lives. Perhaps, nowadays, an idea of the absolute faith seems quite bizarre, but for the ancient people such attitude was completely reasonable. Segal says that â€Å"the play is a tragedy not only of destiny but also of personal identity: the search for the origins and meaning of our life, our balance between â€Å"one† and â€Å"many† selves† (4). The theme of self-injury and suicide are also connected to the family until the end. Oedipus rightly feels guilty and blinds himself. Sophocles sees only one possible conclusion based on his idea of moral and faith. This physical change also is a symbo l of the internal transformation of the protagonist which comes from the place of king to blinded and abandoned old man. This idea is similar to the biblical story of Samson. The family betrays Oedipus. However, the protagonist accepts this situation just because he is sure of the predictability of his life. It seems that the solution can’t be found and the terrible mistakes of the past will always follow Oedipus’ family. Realizing an impossibility of the change of past, Oedipus can’t achieve other good things, he doesn’t see any perspective. The awful crime of his past destroyed his life forever. Looking back on the life, Oedipus sees that things could be prevented. However, it is the faith and, perhaps, everything would be the same even in case of choosing the way and events.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Theories of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Obviously, the psychological theory of the Oedipus complex had not been known in the ancient Greece. The psychoanalytical approach of this problem appeared only at the beginning of 20th century. However, such complicated topics and psychological motives of the heroes’ behavior were quite popular among Greek. The conception of the Oedipus complex was produced by the German psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. He sees Oedipus as a story of the hidden sexual impulses that lead man to dangerous situations (174). Basically, this conception is stated on the sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and angry attitude to the parent of the same sex. Exploring the psychological stages of personal development, this theory describes a boy’s feelings for his mother and jealously and anger toward his father. A boy sees the life as a competition between him and father for possession of mother. The Oedipus complex represents the universal unconscious sexual attraction t o the child’s parents (Goodrich 182). Nowadays, this conception is a key top of the psychoanalytic theory. Although this theory is called after the tragedy of Sophocles, the main psychological motives of the heroes’ behavior are the hopelessness and conscious subjection to the faith and Gods’ will. If Oedipus has suffered from the complex, he wouldn’t run from his family. He loves his foster father and wants to avoid the prediction. Oedipus’s example is rather a story of the meaningless of life. He lives in a tragic universe where nobody can understand his horrible suffering. Oedipus begins with pride and looses it becoming ashamed and abandoned. He can’t bare his meaningless life and blinds himself. However, Oedipus is the only one who can blame him. He did everything to prevent the tragedy and fatal end. Sophocles clearly defines his protagonist as a hero archetype which starts from the state of knowledge and sacrifices his life in order t o help his family.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sophocles doesn’t give us the final answer about a future of the protagonist. The story has no moral lesson. Sophocles’ tragedy Oedipus the King discovers several psychological motives of the human’s behavior where the most acceptable solution is the resignation to the faith and Gods’ will. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Trans. S. Hall. New York: Horace Liveright, 1920. Web. Goodrich, Peter. Oedipus Lex : Psychoanalysis, History, Law. US: University of California Press, 1995. Web. Segal, Charles. Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Web. Sophocles. Oedipus Plays of Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Kolonos, and Antigone. Trans. R. Bagg. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004. Web. This essay on Psychological Theories of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King was written and submitted by user Kyr0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Christian Ethics - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Christian Ethics - Smart Custom Writing King Henry the FifthHenry’s early life Henry a son of Henry of Bolingbroke† Henry IV† and marry de bohun was born on either 9 august or 16 September 1387. His father was in exile when Richard II took him and treated him with care and kindness. As per the requirement of the treaty of Troyes, Henry married Catherine who was King Charles IV daughter in 1420. Henry became an outstanding soldier when he was young. As early as fourteen, Henry fought the Welsh forces of Owen ap Glendower. He was a commander by the age of sixteen commanding his father’s forces during the battle of Shrewsbury. Shortly after accession to power he brought down a major Lollard uprising and a plotted assassination by nobles who were still royal to Richard II. His proposal to mary Catherine came in 1415 and demanded Plantagenet lands of Normandy and Anjou as part of his dowry. When Catherine’s father refused this proposal Henry declared war which gave birth to another chapter of the ongoing hundred wars. Henry had two missions in his war with French: to conquer land that was lost in the previous battles and to divert attentions away from all his cousins’ loyal ambitions. Henry was very tactful in fighting and by the time he was winning the battle of Agincourt, he had already conquered many towns such as â€Å"Normandy, Picardy and much of the Capetian stronghold of the Ile-de-France†. Due to his defeat which forced a way for the treaty of Troyes in 1420, Charles not only accepted Henry as his son in law but also named him as an heir of France instead of his own son. If only Henry lived two months more he would have been crowned the king of two nations. Due to his hard living as a soldier, Henry prematurely became aged. He became ill and when returning home from another campaign in France he died. He only had one son which Catherine had bore him when he was still away and he died before seeing him. He is praised in many books and plays. Rafael Holinshed a historian termed him as a king of li fe without spot who was loved by all men and women. Who was never passed by an opportunity or chance and whom all his followers obeyed without questioning, (King Henry V 2010). Achievements of King Henry the fifthHenry only died at the peak of his achievements a few months after the death of France king Charles VI and his crowning as a king. He had shown a comprehensive management of the nation through hard work. Henry ruled with a detailed channel of council which helped him improve nationally and internationally. Henry showed a personality which motivated soldiers, balanced justice forgiveness reward and punishment which united the nation and provided a ground for his success and forward movement.   In his era he proved himself as a greatest commander and a planner who would keep his army fighting abroad for three years. Henry benefited greatly from the civil wars which in turn gave way to the signing of treaty of Troyes. This treaty gave him a wife and brought the battle into an end. Henry according to many writers fulfilled every criteria demanded of a good king, (about 1995). Henry V was one of the greatest English warrior kings of the Middle Ages who led England in the early decades of the 15th and conquered what his ancestors had tried for years. He succeeded in uniting thrones of England and France into one. In England when in power, Henry unified the kingdom which was still suffering from civil wars â€Å"the wars of the roses†. He promoted the use of English language in government and became the first king to use the language in his personal correspondence since the Norman conquest of 1006. In an English decisive victory of the Agincourt battle in 1415, King Henry the fifth was the commander of the English forces. For all the hundred years’ wars, this was a crucial one for the England. Henry successfully won the victory over the France following the treaty of Troyes of 1420. At this time France was led by king Charles VI  Ã‚   â€Å"the mad†. The treaty signed stipulated Henry as regent over Charles and heir to the French thron e. To secure his French throne, Henry married Katherine of Valois a daughter of Charles. In Shakespeare play â€Å"Henry the fifth†, Henry is glorified although he was an utterly ruthless man who had no tinge of compassion.Henry began to take a great share of politics in 1408 after his father’s illness. With the help of his uncles, Henry and Thomas the two sons of John of Gaunt he took practical control over the government. By this time he was still a prince but because of his foreign and domestic policies which differed from those of his father, he was discharged from the council by his father. His father, Henry IV died on 20 March 1413 and on the next day Henry V succeeded him and on 9th April, he was crowned the king at Westminster Abbey. During the ceremony, a terrible snow storm happened which confused the common people as to whether it was a bad or a good omen. This man built a wider domestic policy after consolidating all his domestic policies. He made it clear from the beginning that he would rule England as a united nation head. He let the earlier memories be forgotten by honourably reinterring Richard II and took the young Mortimer in his favour. He also took the heirs of those who had suffered in his father’s reign and restored them by giving back their tittles and their estates. To make his position as a ruler secure, he executed Henry’s old friend Sir John Oldcastle. He did this to â€Å"nip the movement in the bud†.After securing his domestic policies, he turned into foreign affairs. He was encouraged by ecclesiastical statesman to involve himself with French war so as he could divert his home problems. Emperor Sigimind however requested Henry to modify his demand against France and made it possible when Henry signed the treaty of Canterbury. Henry may have regarded the assertion of his own claims as part of his royal duty, but in any case, a permanent settlement of the national debate was essential to the succe ss of his foreign policy. Henry with the help of his force captured Harfleur in France on 22 September in 1415. After this, he marched with his forces across the French countryside towards calques ignoring the warnings of his council.   On his route he was intercepted by French army on 25th October 1415. Despite the army being so tired and outnumbered they overcame the French, deafened them and left them with severe losses. It is believed that French soldiers were bogged in the muddy battlefield, left out and rained on by heavy rain. This had negative impacts as it gave the English a way forward. They were hindered from going on many of them hacked to death as they stuck in the mud. This victory is viewed as Henry’s greatest ranking. However, Henry made a decision that tarnished his good reputation during the battle. His order that French prisoners be killed including most that were used as ransom tarnished his good name. It is argued that Henry thought that the prisoners would turn on to their captors when his soldiers were out there repelling a third wave of French troops. The victory of Agincourt is argued that it was a first step in the campaign to recover the possens of the French which initially belonged to them, (shakespear 2008). Henry’s command of the see was secured by driving the Genoese whom were close allies of the French out of his channel. Henry was busy on the ongoing peace negotiations in 1416. French and Genoese took advantage of this and invaded the harbor at English- garrisoned Harfleur. A French army also invaded the city. This made Henry to send his brother â€Å"John of Lancaster, the Duke of Bedford† on 14 august to raise a fleet and set sail from Beach. After a seven hour fight which followed the following day, the French-Genoese soldiers were defeated relieving Harfleur. Use of diplomacy by emperor Sigimund from France paved way to end the schism in church. So, with those two potential enemies gone, and after two years of patient preparation following Agincourt, Henry renewed the war on a larger scale in 1417. Lower Normandy was quickly conquered, and Rouen cut off from Paris and besieged. This siege raised a darker shadow on the reputation of the king than his order to slay th e French prisoners at Agincourt. Rouen, starving and unable to support the women and children of the town forced them out through the gates believing that Henry would allow them to pass through his army unmolested. Henry refused to allow this and the expelled women and children died of starvation in the ditches surrounding the town. The French were paralyzed by the disputes between Burgundians and Armagnacs. Henry skillfully played them off one against the other, without relaxing his warlike approach. In January 1419, Rouen fell. Those Norman French who had resisted were severely punished: Alan Blanchard, who had hanged English prisoners from the walls of Rouen, was summarily executed; Robert de Livet, Canon of Rouen, who had excommunicated the English king, was packed off to England and imprisoned for five years, (Ian 2009). Henry’s Victory As spoken in Shakespeare’s play, English were proud in the memory of the war that they won, that is, the Battle of Agincourt and connected this day with a holy day. This helped them to reinforce their fortunes during this historic war. It was a clash that portrayed divine intervention Henry’s force defeated the French in four times in a row. The hundred year’s war is ranked with the Amanda and the battle of Britain as one of the finest hours. Henry’s force was a threat to the French army than simple numbers would suggest. Following these circumstances the Britons had to win this battle. The battle was fought intermittently from 1337 and 1453 and is connected to the Plantagenet kings' although the French connected it to Edward II's marriage to Isabella, daughter of France's King Philip IV. When Henry got to power, he pressed on this claim through his Army. He conquered much of the France and went ahead to marrying the then kingâ€℠¢s daughter. The most decisive battle as discussed earlier was the one at Agincourt which was catalyzed by the French army who tried to block Henry’s advance. The morning of 25th October 1415 dawned wet and cold following a heavy rain the previous night. Both troops were in a terrible condition. The Britons had moved 270 miles moving in an average of 20 miles a day and had almost captured the Harfleur. Following the heavy rains throughout the month of March many of the troops were suffering from dysentery and also their food was running out. The French on the other hand were trying to cope with the situations though they could not make as good as the English did. The French troops hadn’t had enough sleep as they tried to keep their arms in dry and clean condition. The group started to misbehave and by 11.00 it was disorganized. The French were so confidence and sure that they would win over the small English troop. However poor management and leadership was an advantag e to the English and when all was not well for them they avoided their responsibilities other than restoring it. Henry was too bright to notice their problem and used it as a weapon taking it upon him and moving so fast. He ordered his troop to fire against the French causing chaos and disrupting them. By contrast, Henry's small army could easily deploy, allowing it to fight at full strength. And Henry had the perfect weapon to use against thickly massed enemy soldiersone that more than made up for his numerical disadvantage. Agincourt became famous as the greatest victory of British archers. 600 hundred years before this battle, the Welsh had introduced the longbow but this weapon had wrongly been misused and neglected. Before this battle, most of the fighters held their bows horizontally as they drew their arrows back to the waist. However Henry ordered his men to hold their bows vertically and draw the arrows back to the ears. It took the French by surprise as the English could shoot nine arrows per minute and hit targets at 400 yards. As the archers kept the French ranks away, Henry had time to neutralize the French powerful weapon, cavalry. English planned their weapons well having planted into the ground at an angle, wooden stakes which kept French soldiers off allowing the English troops to do their work unobstructed.   By noon the French army stood in despair as they lost to the English. Within a single hour the French had lost almost half of its troop while the English only suffered 500 casualties. Following good plans and natural factors, Henry won the battle. Even though the French were more in number to Henry this didn’t matter as he had strategies. With the French defeated, Henry moved on to dominate in France. Leadership of HenryHenry king of England made many decisions during his time which show that he is a good leader. He first decided that he had right of ruling in France and would control the land through invading it. After several wars, his troop suffered from injuries’ and lack of morale in fighting but like any other good leader, he continued encouraging them to fight giving them reasons as to why they should continue fighting. In the above discussed battle the English who were outnumbered five times by the French went ahead to win the battle .this was accomplished through his determination and inspiration. His soldiers had to fight in his reign whether willing or not. As a good manager, Henry new that his soldiers would fight well when they were forced other than when they had good reasons. With the perception connected to the king, Henry made it straight that they had to obey him. He used this as a key strategy in making them fight. He therefore managed his soldiers arguin g that his primary objective was the same as theirs as well as for the entire kingdom. To ensure his soldiers loyalty, Henry went in midst of them in disguise to evaluate what they were thinking. He could always put his men’s effort in the same level as his. This aspect motivated the entire force by encouraging them as they compared themselves with the king. Together with his followers he refused defeat and surrender. At the same time Henry ensured that French people were not harassed by his men and injustice from the military were not entertained. He also acted firmly on those who refused to follow his orders. Henry is seen as a leader who had mercy on French people. To him, he was not seeking to conquer France as an outsider but as a rightful king who should be leading the country as he had roots from France. By treating the French fairly even when his men were had not done things right was to show that he would rule the two nations with justice. His good will made him clai m his throne and maintain his reign.   As he died Henry’s last words were wish to rebuild Jerusalem. He is considered as a national king and a hero. His schemes however are seen as if they ended in a failure he died before accomplishing them. He had a constructive idea of a firm central government which would be supported by parliament. He also wanted reforms on the church based on conservative lines, commercial development and the continuation of the national reputation. If only he lived, Henry would have accomplished his aims on medieval lines. His personality was a key value to his success.   Henry could train leaders but at the time of his death, it is believed that nobody could have taken his position as a leader. His guidance led to success of wars, diplomacy and civil administration. It would be right to argue that if Henry was not the main founder of the Britain army, then he is the first to realize its role. If he was not the founder of the English navy he was one of the first to realize its true imp ortance.Henry required everyone below his power to obey him. It is said that he was merciless to anybody who was merciless to him. As a prince, Henry was opposed to harsh policy of Archbishop Arundel although when he was a king he was moderate although was still charged with cruelty as a religious persecutor. Lollard executions which happened when he was in power are more considered as political other than religious. In his personal conduct he was uncorrupted, moderate and genuinely moral. Henry had a good taste of culture, that is, music and art and also participated in games and exercises. Henry was buried in Westminster Abbey, (Shakespear 2008). ConclusionHenry V was one of the gifted men in the world who had a personality that built a self belief and ability to achieve. He is believed to be one of successful army commanders who acted with a sense of right unlike the current politicians. However his ambitions took him to another level of treaties making him forget his ability to achieve such as uniting the nations neighbouring him, initiating harmony and peace between crown and the parliament. Henry left a legacy which cannot be compared to political or military. Within forty years after Henry’s death, Valois re- conquered France and resumed the throne. While England collapsed into civil wars again as Lancastrian line lost their other crown.   Henry is indeed a legend one which the later generations were taught and tried to emu rate. One of the great of all is making Vernacular English into the parliament, (Barker 2020).    Bibliography About.com. â€Å"Medieval History.† historymedren.about.com. 14 may 1995. Barker, Juliet. Conquest: The English Kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War . London: Abacus , 2009. Ian, Mortimer. 1415: Henry V's Year of Glory. London: Bodley Head , 2009. â€Å"King Henry V.† britroyals.com. 19 march 2010. Shakespear, William. Henry V (Oxford World's Classics; the Oxford Shakespeare). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Shakespear, William. Henry V: The Life of King Henry the Fift. New Jersey: Forgotten Books , 2008.