The Blood bananas Chiquita In Colombia

Presentation Below are conversations on the underlying driver of the company’s decision: regardless of whether the company’s the executives had whatever other decision; what the occupant supervisory crew can do to reestablish the company’s notoriety; the job of corporate administration simultaneously; and moral and vital activities the organization ought to take.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on The Blood bananas: Chiquita In Colombia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The case examination Chiquita is a US organization that has put a large number of dollars in planting bananas in Colombia. It appeared after the United Fruit Company. It ought to be said that the organization claims an enormous estate of bananas in Colombia, which is the biggest wellspring of its work power. Chiquita transports the banana natural products to its significant market fragments like the United States and the organic products are p repared into various items, for example, banana juice. Chiquita, Del Monte and Dole are viewed as the significant players in a similar industry. Accordingly, Del Monte and Dole are Chiquita’s significant contenders. Prominent, the organization confronted a predicament because of irregular changes in purchaser inclinations. The business additionally represented a lofty money related landscape that rendered the company’s budgetary position unpredictable. The banana business in Colombia has been a rearing zone for brutality as various threatening gatherings have come up to battle against the Colombian organization prompting an episode of common wars. The most infamous fear monger gatherings, FARC and ELN, rose more remarkable than the country’s organization. The two gatherings requested financing from the administration of Colombia and different organizations. These two fear based oppressor bunches made a threatening condition that was negative for Chiquita to lead the banana business. Therefore, trying to make a good domain, the association settled on certain decisions that demolished its notoriety (Schotter and Teagarden 2). The underlying driver of Chiquita’s activity in Colombia The central main driver for Chiquita’s activity was the longing to give insurance to its representatives against the psychological militants. The two gatherings being considered as a significant danger to security in Colombia made an ominous circumstance for business operation.Advertising Looking for contextual investigation on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These fear based oppressor bunches were occupied with coercion and grabbing notwithstanding supposedly murdering fifty Chiquita’s workers as a notice sign against the inability to present their segment of the assets. The weakness made by the guerillas delivered dread in Chiquita’s workers. Such a c ircumstance could bring about lower workers’ productivity. A few laborers would like to stop the organization if the frailty condition endured. Since the Colombian government would not reestablish harmony and steadiness, the organization made plans to connect with the AUC, a paramilitary gathering, made to counter the two psychological militant gatherings by ensuring diverse social, political and financial interests. As indicated by the organization, this was the quickest system to giving security to the workers whose lives were in harm's way. The organization encountered a period of monetary uncertainty. So as to assemble a stable budgetary position, a safe domain was a need that would permit free development of representatives to and from work. It would likewise guarantee free and quicker transportation of banana natural products to their foreordained markets with ideal conveyance. The organization was attempting to reduce expenses so as to meet the ideal benefit levels. Op portunity costs, much the same as different costs, are bothersome. Consequently, the disposal of deficiencies rises to the end of chance expenses. Sadly, the company’s procedure to accomplish their objective brought about a punishment worth a great many dollars (Schotter and Teagarden 5). Did the chiefs have a decision? The inquiry viable has different sides. The main side is whether the supervisors had a decision before being cautioned of their commitment and after the notice. Prior to the notice, the administrators didn't have some other decision yet to proceed with their association with the fear based oppressor gathering. To legitimize this stand, if an organization is working in an outside nation, it is the obligation of the remote country’s government to guarantee political dependability. Then again, political unsteadiness prompts uncertainty accordingly monetary stagnation. In actuality, the two psychological oppressor bunches overwhelmed the legislature of Colo mbia. At the end of the day, the Colombian government couldn't ensure the political soundness of the nation. This being the situation, Chiquita found a neighborhood technique for giving security to its workers. Concerning the second essence of the inquiry, after the company’s the executives got an admonition against their commitment, they had a decision of pulling back their tasks in Colombia (Schotter and Teagarden 10).Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on The Blood bananas: Chiquita In Colombia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More What can the current administration do to reestablish Chiquita’s notoriety? All together for the organization to reestablish its notoriety and make a solid serious stage, it should start by reacting to the necessities of the families who lost their individuals during the security tasks of the AUC, the psychological oppressor bunch subsidized by the organization. The subsequent conceivable ac tivity is to take part in corporate social obligation, for example, giving assets to assemble training and wellbeing office for the victims’ relatives. The third activity could be to fund the improvement of framework, for example, streets. Ultimately, it is exceptionally prudent for the organization to change its name. The company’s harmed notoriety is negative for business. Clients might want to connect themselves with organizations that show regard for the standard of law, the earth and human lives. Organizations that show no worry for the human and ecological prosperity could lose their clients that would mean loss of incomes. In the end, a business could be out of activity because of loss of clients in light of terrible notoriety. Along these lines, the first proposed game-plan for Chiquita is planned at saying 'sorry' to general society. It likewise shows that they esteem human prosperity. On the off chance that general society gets this image plainly, it could be the start of building great notoriety for the organization. The second and every single after activity are for sending messages about the company’s worry for the Colombians financial advancement and prosperity. The difference in name would enable the organization to modify its early introduction to the costumers (Henslowe 35). The job of corporate administration in the process Corporate administration rotates around making an incentive for a company’s investors while simultaneously securing the enthusiasm of different partners. Accordingly, its job in the process is guarantee that Chiquita’s current objective, notoriety reclamation, is fitting in with the interests of investors and partners (Mullerat and Brennan 6). The moral and vital activities of the organization It is moral for the organization to disassociate itself with the fear based oppressor gathering. The installment of pay off to the administration authorities in return for favor ought to be prematur ely ended. These two methodologies would render the company’s activities ethical.Advertising Searching for contextual analysis on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In the event that the organization is as yet keen on working in Colombia, it should look for universal assistance to reestablish security. That would be a lawful methodology to making harmony and security for its representatives and the Colombians (Tencati and Perrini 22). Suggestion The organization ought to disassociate itself with the fear based oppressor bunch trying to fabricate a good notoriety. It ought to likewise react to the requirements of the victims’ families. Arrangement of security in a moral and legitimate way is suggested. The best methodology for security arrangement is to send a legitimate military power, if the course of action would work. To finish up, the company’s activity was driven by the need to secure its workers. Anyway the technique utilized was illicit. Their preferred compensation was a harmed organization notoriety. To fabricate a positive notoriety, the organization ought to work in a moral way. Works Cited Schotter, Andreas and Mary Tea garden. â€Å"Blood Bananas: Chiquita in Colombia.† Thunderbird. (2010): 1-16. Print. Henslowe, Philip. Advertising: A Practical Guide to the Basics, London: Kogan Page, 2003. Print. Mullerat, Ramon, and D. Brennan. Corporate Social Responsibility: The Corporate Governance in the 21st Century, Alphen aan sanctum Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2011. Print. Tencati, Antonio, and F. Perrini. Business Ethics and Corporate Sustainability, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub, 2011. Print. This contextual investigation on The Blood bananas: Chiquita In Colombia was composed and put together by client Madison C. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The Implications of Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Implications of Reconstruction - Essay Example 562). Reproduction's greatest disappointment was the backfire that was made when Northern Republicans endeavored to manage the South. The kickback brought about vicious despise bunches that disturbed the political framework, and the lives of African-Americans for the following 100 years. The thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth changes were completely passed during the time of recreation. These significant alterations denied subjection, ensured the liberated slaves citizenship, and allowed them the option to cast a ballot, yet were to a great extent unenforceable in the South. In any case, these revisions would frame the establishment for the Civil Rights development 100 years after the fact. Recreation finished when the contested appointment of 1876 saw the Republican Rutherford B Hayes gain the administration, despite the fact that the constituent votes were in question. Consequently, Hayes consented to expel the administrative soldiers from the South and not contradict the recently framed Democratic governments there (Zuczek 171). This spelled a conclusion to Reconstruction and an additional 100 years of racial brutality, isolation, and segregation. By the late nineteenth century, African-Americans had still not understood the American long for freedom and the option to cast a ballot, or the protected ensures that accompanied the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth changes.

Sandro Boticelli Essay Example For Students

Sandro Boticelli Essay Sandro Botticelli, conceived Alessandro Mariano Filipepi, was the child of a leather expert. He was conceived in Florence around 1445 and indicated an ability for painting at an early age. Botticelli was first apprenticed under a goldsmith named Sandro, from whom it is accepted he inferred his moniker. At sixteen years old, he served an apprenticeship with the painter Fra Filippo Lippi Durant, 1953. From Lippi he figured out how to make the impact of straightforwardness, to draw diagrams, and to give his photos smoothness and amicability. He additionally worked with painter and etcher Antonio del Pollaiuolo, from whom he picked up his feeling of line. By 1470, Botticelli had his own workshop and had built up a profoundly close to home style described by exquisite execution, a feeling of despairing, and a solid accentuation on line. Botticelli went through the majority of his time on earth working for the incredible groups of Florence, including the Medici family. Botticellis name shows up normally in the record books of individuals from the Medici family, for whom he painted standards, pictures, and altarpieces alongside artistic creations of symbolic or fanciful topic. Resemblances of the Medici family are found in different works of art including Judith, Madonna of the Magnificat, and Adoration of the Magi. Aside from his works for individuals from the Medici family, Botticelli got numerous commissions from other noticeable individuals from the Florentine society, including the Vespucci family. Botticelli previously bacome famous by his artworks of the Virgin and Child, and was given an open commission to paint Fortitude which was to be hung in the Trade law court. In around 1481, Botticelli, alongside Ghirlandaio, Perugino, and Cosimo Rosselli, was called to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV to beautify the dividers of the Sistine Chapel with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. Botticelli controlled the plan and executed three of the frescoes. The enormous size of these works and the endeavor to remember a few phases of story for one sythesis were not completely aced and stay befuddled and complicated Gowing, 1983. In his canvases, Botticelli held enough items and gave enough consideration to the human body to make a feeling of authenticity, yet it is apparent that he was increasingly worried about the profound nearness of his subjects Magill, 1989. Along these lines, his subjects were less individualized as far as their attire or substantial structure and the feeling of a residential scene was not stressed. Female magnificence was so much a piece of Botticellis old style and strict works of art that is has been guessed that he was profoundly affected by the Neoplatonists, who likened the idea of excellence with truth Magill, 1989. Botticelli was impacted less by energizing logical standards for drawing than by the considering humanists, for example, Ficino and the strict enthusiasm that moved through Florence when the French attacked Italy. Botticellis splendid drawings didn't contain the effortlessness and appeal as those of Ficino, however were unmistakable and solid. His artistic creations are less delineations of his subjects as they areâ the subjects themselves Magill, 1989. It is as if the fear of endless magnificence and flawlessness were itself an issue made out of his rhythmical lines, alleviating hues, and extended shapes. Botticellis symbolic artistic creations, including Primavera and The Birth of Venus, are his best and most popular works. These compositions are to a great extent undocumented however can be dated in the late 1470s. Their precise significance, just as the conditions encompassing their charging, is as yet questionable. Exact distinguishing proof of the figures is baffled by the way that Botticellis female sorts once in a while change. This perception has persuade that the purposeful anecdotes were mostly expected as models. .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .postImageUrl , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:hover , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:visited , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:active { border:0!important; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:active , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3348a721998 9d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Dutch and flemish works of art EssayIn the 1490s, Botticelli encountered a strict emergency. Around the year 1498, Florence was grieved by the fierce expressions of Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who opposed whatever was not, in his view, important to the life of man. The populace was in extraordinary unrest, partitioned between his devotees and the irate ones, until he was in the end scorched at the stake in the Piazza della Signoria. These occasions influenced Botticelli profoundly, and his works of the time demonstrated a sensational power, not already present. They built up a progressively cautious portrayal of the faces, which turned out to be increasingly genuine and concentrated. His resulting works mirrored an exceptional strict dedication. Botticelli lived during when showstoppers were ground out every day and when uninteresting or copycat craftsmanship didn't exist Milani, 1996. The period somewhere in the range of 1500 and 1750 was a period of unrivaled, world-class imagination and revelation. Botticelli worked toward the start of the Renaissance, when craftsmen and savants were picking up certainty about their capacity to get nature. In spite of the fact that Botticelli was seen as an actually clever painter in his time, he was in the long run overshadowed by Leonardo da Vinci, whose scope of human motions, dynamic creations, and utilization of light and shade caused Botticelli to appear to be antiquated. Be that as it may, in the late nineteenth century, he was reestablished on the grounds that he spoke to the effortlessness and earnestness of early Italian workmanship. Botticellis past remaining among the main specialists of his day guaranteed that despite the fact that the new age of craftsmen, for example, Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo, got the most significant commissions, Botticellis assessment was as yet esteemed. It was recommended that to Isabella dEste that Botticelli ought to be welcome to supplement Mantegnas commitment to her Studiolo, and tow years after the fact he was among the individuals who were called upon to settle on the putting of Michelangelos David in Florence. After 1500, there are no canvases from Botticellis hand. He was just fifty-six, and still may have had some craftsmanship left in him, yet he yielded spot to Leonardo and Michelangelo, and slipped by into dreary destitution. Sandro Botticelli kicked the bucket in 1510 in the wake of painting Scenes from the Life of the Virgin, The Last Actions of St. Zanobi, and Mystic Nativity a couple of years sooner. .

Gender Reversal in Orlando - Literature Essay Samples

Compared with other literature of the Heian Period, the Torikaebaya Monogatari stands out as an unusual story. The reversal of gender roles that is central to the plot is a narrative device not found among the other surviving monogatari from this era. Although viewed as merely entertainment by many readers, Torikaebaya does explore what it meant to be both a woman and a man in the Heian period. Another story that has a similar plot, although far removed from Heian Japan, is the novel Orlando, written by Virginia Woolf. Orlando also uses gender reversal as the cornerstone of the narrative, and like Torikaebaya, this allows the characters to experience and contrast the reality of each gender. If these two stories are compared in terms of the way that genders are depicted, some common themes emerge that relate to literature written by women. However, to proceed from this perspective, the reader must make some assumptions concerning the Torikaebaya.The authorship of Torikaebaya Mon ogatari is uncertain and will most likely remain so. In the introduction to the English translation, Rosette Willig advances the cases for both male and female authorship. She speculates that Meiji scholars concluded a male authorship merely because they found it inconceivable that a court lady could have fashioned so distasteful and degenerate a plot. (Willig, 5) Despite this, there are some legitimate reasons to consider the case for female authorship. Willig mentions that the style of the original Japanese is written in a peculiarly womens style (Willig, 5), which combined with the possibility of elements of autobiography, indicates that the story was written by someone who also experienced the confusions of the characters. I would add that that the focus on the female Chunagon character in Book One, and the preferred attention that the character receives in the remainder of the story argues that the story was written from a female perspective. Therefore, while the authorsh ip cannot be definitively settled, the assumption of a female author is not without basis, and this paper will proceed from that premise.There is another issue that the critical reader must consider before proceeding, and it relates not only to Torikaebaya, but also to Orlando as well. This is the issue of intent, that is, are these stories meant to simply entertain, or do they contain an implied criticism imbedded in the narrative? There is no doubt that both stories have much to recommend them in terms of enjoyable reading. The plot of gender reversal is intriguing enough, and both stories have survived to reach a modern readership (in the case of Torikaebaya much longer!), proof that there is something that endures about the story. However, especially concerning Torikaebaya, the modern audience must be careful not to read into the narrative an intention that may have not been possible. Having said that, both stories do have sections where criticisms for the enforced gender ro les are explicit. By extension these criticisms of gender roles are really criticisms of the society that enforced them. So are these stories polemical, that is, do they attack an established code or behavior? In the case of Orlando, Virginia Woolf was able to record her intentions in her correspondence.I wasnt sure how far the mixture seriousness and nonsense succeeded I mean I meant some of it to be serious. (Langham, 236)If fantasy was the vehicle that Woolf used to deliver a critique of the patriarchal society she lived in, perhaps it is valid to suppose that the author of Torikaebaya also made use of a fantastical plot device to communicate dissatisfaction with the role of women in the society. Modern readers are not able to know definitively the intention of the author, but only an oblique criticism would be available to women writers in Heian Japan. I believe that the similar portrayal of the gender roles in Torikaebaya and Orlando, as well as the plot device common to both stories, support reading both stories as subtle criticisms.How the gender roles are portrayed in Orlando and Torikaebaya are quite similar. For example, when the female Chunagon is described as having qualities of the male gender.the daughter was already quite mischievous by this time and was outside constantly playing kickball and shooting arrows she would promptly join the rest of the men and lark about with them quite as she pleased. (Willig, 15)When Orlando is described as having the gender of male, he is similarly described.Yet again they noted, she detested household matters, was up at dawn and out among the fields before the sun had risen. She could drink with the best and liked games of hazard. (Woolf, 109)Both stories equate the male gender with robust pursuits and love of being outside. These qualities contrast with the way that the female gender is presented to the reader. The male Naishi no Kami is presented this way when exhibiting the qualities of female gende r.At length his father put him to the study of letters and taught him appropriate subjects, but the boy in his embarrassment, could not fix his attention to any of them His father, astonished at such proclivities, constantly criticized him, until the wretched and intimidated boy was reduced to tears. (Willig, 14)This is similar to the description of Orlando as a woman.She would burst into tears on slight provocation. She was unversed in geography, found mathematics intolerable, and held some caprices that are more common among women than men, as for instance, that to travel south was to travel down hill. (Woolf, 110)Here women are portrayed as emotionally unstable and intellectually feeble. Compared to the descriptions of the qualities that characterize male gender, the female gender traits are treated as less desirable and inferior. This inferiority is magnified when each character changes and assumes the female gender in society where previously they were accepted as male. No l onger do they have the power and prestige that was given to them by virtue of exhibiting the accepted male gender traits. In the case of the female Chunagon, she is denied the freedom of movement and participation in the society as an individual; now she must be a dependant.Chunagon had once sat alongside the men at his fathers house, and he now reminisced about what had been said and done then. Saisho, however, amiably interrupted these recollections: Are you fond of that sort of thing? The embarrassed Chunagon did not like to hear such words, but he managed to feign indifference. (Willig, 122)Orlando faces a similar situation when society forces an identity on her to correspond to her sex.The chief charges against her were that she was dead, and therefore could not hold any property whatsoever; that she was a woman, which amounted to the same thing All her estates were put in Chancery and her titles held in abeyance while the suits were under litigation. Thus it was in a highly a mbiguous condition, uncertain whether she was alive or dead, man or woman (Woolf, 98)Like Chunagon, Orlando loses the wealth and with it the freedom. This is the implicit criticism that the portrayal of gender roles contains, that the female identity equals a denial of the freedom enjoyed by the male.In both stories, the female characters are trapped by virtue of biology into assuming the gender roles of the female. Partly this is a product of the society in which they live, which demands that the behavior correspond to the sex identity. However, the females in both stories become aware of the vulnerability that their sex identity exposes. Chunagon is the victim of rape at the hands of Saisho, which deepens her reliance on him because of the pregnancy that ensues. There are numerous examples where Chunagon laments that her sex identity was discovered, and her need to rely on someone as fickle as Saisho.Certainly Saisho is different from others in charm and elegance, but to be f ated to entrust myself to such a person and stay indoors leaves much to be desired. (Willig, 99)Very few people were about, and Chunagon, large with child, seemed to be feeling oppressed and pained. He was lying down, lost in thought as he worried sadly about anything and everything. (Willig, 125)These quotes from the narrative show that the female Chunagon regrets the change that has taken place, and the loss of freedom that the female sex identity has predicated. Orlando experiences similar thoughts when she first changes from male to female.Could I, however, leap overboard and swim in clothes like these? No! Therefore, I should have to trust to the protection of a blue jacket. Do I object to that? Now do I? she wondered, here encountering the first knot in the smooth skein of her argument. (Woolf, 90)To be truthful, both Chunagon and Orlando come to an acceptance with their sex identity, but the initial reaction is one of apprehension and regret at the loss of freedom in the soc iety as a female. These similarities between the narratives point to common themes in literature written by women, that there is a perception that women are inferior to men and exhibit less desirable qualities as gender, and that the sex identity of the female is inherently weaker and more vulnerable than the male sex identity. Whether this is true or not, the authors obviously felt that these issues had to be written about. This tension between gender and sex identity and the desire for freedom in society is communicated through the portrayal of the gender of the female characters in each story.Both Torikaebaya Monogatari and Orlando contain the narrative device of gender reversal, and this makes it possible for the reader to explore the implications of gender in society through the portrayal of the characters. The portrayal of the characters gender and the limits on freedom that sex identity incurs are common to both stories, and can be interpreted as criticisms of patriarchal society. This implied criticism contained in a narrative otherwise understood as merely entertainment, seems to be a tool that women writers used to convey their dissatisfaction with their place in the society.

Nondeterministic X-Machine - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9529 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 5 Formal Modeling 5.1 Overview To achieve the maximum benefits from formal techniques, integration of approaches is required. In this chapter we present the integration of X-machine models and Z notation. The X-machine models sued to give the relationship between Z and X-machine are: (a) nondeterministic X-machine, (b) deterministic X-machine, (c) nondeterministic stream X-machine, (d) deterministic stream X-machine, (e) communicating stream X-machine, and (f) communicating stream X-machine system. The informal definitions of all these machines are taken from [1], [2], [3]. 5.2 Design of Nondeterministic X-Machine A Nondeterministic X-Machine is 10-tuple NXM = (X, Y, Z, , , Q, , F, I, T) where: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nondeterministic X-Machine" essay for you Create order 1. X is a fundamental dataset on that the machine operates. 2. Y is a finite set of input alphabets. 3. Z is a finite set of output alphabets. 4. and are input and output partial functions, used to convert the input into the output sets from the fundamental sets, i. e., : Y X and : X Z. 5. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 6. is type of M, a set of relations on X, i. e., : P (X X). The notation (XX) denotes a set of all possible partial functions from X to X. 7. F is a next state partial function, a transition function, i. e., F: Q x P Q, which takes a state a partial function and produces a new set of states. 8. I is a set of initial states, a subset of Q, and T is a set of terminal states, a subset of Q. NXM state: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory alpha: (SigmaIn Memory) beta: (SigmaOut Memory) function: Memory Memory trans: Q Memory Memory Q I: Q T: Q state I state T state q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q state q1 state m memory m1 memory i alphaIn o alphaOut m m1 function i m alpha o m1 beta s, s1: Q s state s1 state q m m1 s trans q1 m m1 s1 trans q m m1 = q1 m m1 s = s1 Invariants: a) The set of states states is a nonempty set. b) The set of initial states I is a subset of states. c) The set of final states T is a subset of states. d) For each input alphabet i and states q and q1, o an output alphabet, (i, m) belongs to elpha, (o, m1) belongs to beta (m, m1) belongs to set of partial functions trans ((q, (m, m1)), s) where transaction function acting on q and partial function gives a set of states. And the trans ((q1,( m, m1)), s1) gives a set of states. In the formal specification of NXM, Memory, SigmaIn, SigmaOut and Q are defined as abstract data types over which we cannot define any operation. To specify the NXM, we introduced a variable states to define the set of states of the NXM. Each element q in set states is of type Q therefore states is a type of power set of Q. To describe the sets of input and output alphabets, variables alphaIn and alphaOut of type of power set of SigmaIn and SigmaOut are defined respectively. Similarly, for memory the variable memory is of type of power set of Memory is introduced. Moreover, alpha and beta are the power set of partial functions of type (SigmaIn Memory) and (SigmaOut Memory) respectively, which converts an input alphabet s into an output alphabet g, by altering the memory. The variable function of type power set of (Memory Memory) is introduced to describe the set of all possible partial functions from Memory to Memory. The transition function trans of type (Q function) PQ is intr oduced to describe the transitions of the machine for each input (q, function), where q is a state and function is a partial function from memory to memory there must be a unique output q1 of type power set of Q. The set of initial states I is of type power set of Q and the set of final states T is of type PQ. 5.3 Design of Deterministic X-Machine A Deterministic X-Machine is 10-tuple DXM = (X, Y, Z, , , Q, , F, I, T) where: 1. X is a fundamental dataset on that the machine operates. 2. Y is a finite set of input alphabets. 3. Z is a finite set of output alphabets. 4. and are the input and output partial functions, used to convert the input into the output sets from the fundamental sets, i. e., : Y X and : X Z. 5. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 6. is type of M, a set of relations on X, i. e., : P (X X). The notation (XX) denotes the set of all possible partial functions from X to X. 7. F is next state partial function, a transition function, i. e., F: Q x Q. It takes a state a partial function and deterministically produces a new state or the same state. 8. q0 is an initial state and T is a set of terminal states, a subset of Q. The above definition describes the deterministic X-machine because for each state q and for every partial function, there is a state q, i. e., F (q, ) = q. DXM states: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory alpha: SigmaIn Memory beta: SigmaOut Memory function: Memory Memory trans: Q Memory Memory Q q0: Q T: Q states q0 states T states q, q1: Q; m: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q states q1 states m memory i m alpha o m beta m m function trans q m m = q1 Invariants: a) The set states is a nonempty set. b) The q0 is an initial state. c) The set of final states T is a subset of states. d) For each input alphabet i and states q and q1, o is an output alphabet, (m, m1) is a relation on X to X, where (i, m) belongs to elpha, (o, m1) belongs to beta and (m m1) belongs to . The trans ((q, function), q1) describes the transaction function acting on q and the partial function giving the state q1. In the schema DXM the abstract data types, X, Y, Z and Q are denoted by Memory, SigmaIn, SigmaOut and Q respectively. In this schema we introduced variable states to define the set of states of the DXM. Each element q in set states is of type Q therefore states is a type of power set of Q. To describe the sets of input and output alphabets, variables alphaIn and alphaOut of type of power set of SigmaIn and SigmaOut are defined respectively. Similarly, for memory the variable memory of type of power set of Memory is introduced. Moreover, alpha and beta are the power set of partial functions of type (SigmaIn Memory) and (SigmaOut Memory) respectively, which converts an input alphabet s into an output alphabet g by altering the memory. The variable function of type power set of (Memory Memory) is introduced to describe the set of all possible partial functions from Memory to Memory. The transition function trans of type (Q function) PQ is introduced to describe the transitions of t he machine for each input (q, function), where q is a state and function is a partial function from memory to memory there must be a unique output q1 of type Q. The initial state q0 is of type Q and the set of final states T of type power set of Q. 5.4 Behavior of X-Machine To check the behavior of the machine, we get a sequence of input alphabets and checks that there exists a successful path for that particular sequence of inputs. This behavior checker accepts a deterministic X-machine a sequence of input alphabets and returns a sequence of output alphabets. Let DXM = (X, Y, Z, , , Q, , F, I, T) is a deterministic X-machine and a sequence of input alphabets seq Yi = y1, y2, , yn, where i = 1, 2,, n we say that there exist a sequence of partial function i = 1, 2, , n, where i = 1, 2,, n. Then we can say that DXM accepts the inputs when there exist a sequence of states si = s1, s2 sn, where i = 1, 2. . . n. In schema BDXM the variable stringIn? belongs to strings. The variable stringOut! belongs to messages. The length of input alphabets and output alphabets are equal. For all i belonging to the elements of cardinality of stringIn?, when the value of i is equal to 1 then there exists q, q1 states and m, m1 are memory states, q is the initial state, m1 b elongs to memory, for i-th element of stringIn? and m belongs to alpha there is a message of type SigmaOut which is the i-th element of stringOut!, and the transition function trans acting on state and and partial function (m, m1) gives a new state q1. It repeatedly reads the input from stringIn? and writes the messages on stringOut! by altering the memory until the final state is not reached or the there is no element in stringIn?. If the last state of the sequence of visited states is a final state then the whole string is accepted otherwise rejected. BDXM DDXM stringIn?: seq SigmaIn stringOut!: seq SigmaOut strings: seq SigmaIn messages: seq SigmaOut stringIn? strings stringOut! messages # stringIn? = # stringOut! i: i 1 .. # stringIn? i = 1 q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory q = q0 q1 states m memory m1 memory stringIn? i m alpha stringOut! i m1 beta q m m1 dom trans q1 ran trans 1 i # stringIn? q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory q states q1 states m memory m1 memory stringIn? i m alpha stringOut! i m1 beta q m m1 dom trans q1 ran trans i = # stringIn? q, q1: Q; m, m1 : Memory q = q0 q1 T m memory m1 memory stringIn? i m alpha stringOut! i m1 beta q m m1 q1 trans 5.5 Design of Nondeterministic Stream X-Machine A particular class of X-machine is Stream X-Machine which is defined as 8-tuple NSXM = (, , Q, M, , F, q0, m0), where: 1. is a finite set of input alphabets. 2. is a finite set of output alphabets. 3. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 4. M is possibly finite set of memory on which the machine operates. 5. is a finite set of partial functions that map an input and a memory state to an output and a new memory state, i. e., : x M x M. 6. F is next state partial function that gives a state and a function from the type , P Q denotes the set of next states. F is often described as a transition state diagram, i. e., F: Q x PQ. For each state q and for every partial function , there is a power set of states P Q such that F (q1, ) = P Q. 7. The q0 is an initial state. 8. The m0 is an initial memory. NSXM states: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory trans: Q SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory Q q0: Q m0: Memory states q0 states m0 memory q, q1: Q; m, m1: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q states q1 states m memory m1 memory i alphaIn o alphaOut i m dom function o m1 ran function s, s1: Q s states s1 states q function s trans q1 function s1 trans q function = q1 function s = s1 Invariants: a) The set states is a nonempty set. b) The state q0 is an initial memory. c) The memory element m0 is the initial memory. d) For each partial function ((i, m), (o, m1)) where i belongs to input alphabet, o belong to output alphabet, m and m1 of type memory, there exists a transition function trans ((q, function), s) acts on q and a partial function and return a set of states. In the formal specification of nondeterministic stream X-machine the description of the variables states, alphaIn, alphaOut, memory and q0 is same as previously defined in section 5.2. The variable function of type (SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory) is introduced to describe the set of all possible partial functions from (SigmaIn Memory) to (SigmaOut Memory), which receives an input alphabet of type SigmaIn and returns an output alphabet of type SigmaOut by altering the memory. The transition function trans of type (Q function) PQ) is introduced to describe the transitions of the machine for each input (q, function), where q is a state and function is a partial function from (SigmaIn Memory) to (SigmaOut Memory), there must be a unique output q1 of type Q. The initial state q0 is of type Q and m0 is an initial memory of type Memory. 5.6 Design of Stream X-machine A particular class of X-machine is Stream X-Machine which is defined as 9-tuple SXM = (, , Q, M, , F, start, finals, m0) where: 1. is a finite set of input alphabets. 2. is a finite set of output alphabets. 3. Q is a finite nonempty set of states. 4. M is a possibly finite set of memory on which the machine operates. 5. a finite set of partial functions that map an input and a memory state to an output and a new memory state, i. e., : x M x M. 6. F is next state partial function that takes a state and a function from the type and gives next state. F is often described as a transition state diagram, i. e., F: Q x Q. For each state q1 and for every partial function , there is a new state q such that F (q1, ) = q. 7. The start is initial state and m0 is an initial memory. The symbols Q, Memory, SigmaIn and SigmaOut are the fundamental data types respectively. All the 9 tuples of stream X-machine are defined as: states of type Q, alphaIn of type SigmaIn is a set of input alphabets alphaOut of type SigmaOut is a set of possible messages that a machine can send, memory of type Memory which is possibly finite set of memory elements which can be a stack, queue, register, RAM or any type of memory. Set of partial functions is defined as function of type (SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory), each element of function takes an input and memory element and returns a new memory state and message. The trans is the set of transitions of SXM of type (Q function) PQ which takes a function and state, returns a new state and message. The start is the initial state of type Q, and m0 is the initial memory of type Memory. The formal specification of stream X-machine in Z is given below. SXM states: Q alphaIn: SigmaIn alphaOut: SigmaOut memory: Memory function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory trans: Q SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory Q q0: Q m0: Memory states q0 states m0 memory q, q1: Q; d, d1: Memory; i: SigmaIn; o: SigmaOut q states q1 states d memory d1 memory i alphaIn o alphaOut i d dom function o d ran function q function dom trans q1 ran trans Invariants: a) The set of states is a nonempty set. b) The q0 is in set states. c) The memory element m0 is in set memory. d) For each partial function ((i, m), (o, m1)) where i belongs to input alphabet, o belongs to output alphabet and m, m1 of type memory there exists a transition function trans ((q, ((i, m), (o, m))), q1) where trans acts on q and partial function ((i, m), (o, m1)) returns a new state q1. 5.7 Design of Path of Stream X-machine A path is a connected sequence of arcs through the machine starting from one state and ending at another, possibly the same one. A successful path is one in which first state is the start state and last state belongs to final states. The behavior of X-machine is defined as the union of all the successful paths. To specify the PATH we declare XSXM which indicates that this is an operation in which the state does not change the values of states, alphaIn, alphaOut, memory, function, transition, q0 and m0 variables respectively. The variable arc of type of power set of (Q Q) is defined to denote the edge from q to q of type Q, and path is introduced to define the sequence of states from q0 to q where q is a final state. PATH XSXM arc: Q Q path: seq Q q, q1: Q q states q1 states sf: seq function; i: i # sf i 1 .. # path i + 1 # path path i states i dom path q function q1 trans q q1 arc path i path i + 1 arc sf i function Invariants: a) If q, q1 belong to states, belongs to and (q1, (q, )) belongs to trans, we say that function is the arc from q to q1, represented function: q q1. If q, q1 belong to Q such that there exist q1,, qn-1 in Q and 1,, n belonging to with 1: q q1, 2: q1 q2,, n:qn-1 q1 we say that we have a path p = 1 n from q to q1 and write p : q q1. 5.8 Design of Stream X-machine Computation The computation of stream X-machine is defined as stream X-machine and paths are accessed as read only which are defined in section 5.5 and 5.6. The input and output streams are defined as streamIn and streamOut of type sequence of SigmaIn and sequence of SigmaOut respectively. The variable epsiI is a nil input alphabet of type SigmaIn and epsiO nil output alphabet of type SigmaOut. SXM_Computation XSXM XPATH streamIn: seq SigmaIn streamOut: seq SigmaOut epsiI: SigmaIn epsiO: SigmaOut epsiI ran streamIn streamIn epsiO ran streamOut ran streamIn alphaIn ran streamOut alphaOut q: Q; m: Memory q states m memory epsiI m epsiO m function q function q trans q: Q; m, m1: Memory; g: SigmaOut; i: 1 i # streamIn i # path i + 1 # path q states m memory m1 memory g alphaOut i = 1 q = q0 q1: Q q1 states q0 q1 arc path i = q0 path i + 1 = q1 streamIn i m g m function q0 function q1 trans streamOut = streamOut g 1 i # streamIn q1: Q q1 states q q1 arc path i = q path i + 1 = q1 streamIn i m g m function q function q1 trans streamOut = streamOut g i = # streamIn q T q1: Q q1 states q q1 arc path i = q path i + 1 = q1 streamIn i m g m function q0 function q trans streamOut = streamOut g Invariants: a) The symbols streamIn and streamOut are the sequences of input and out respectively. b) The symbols epsiI and epsiO are the nil input and output alphabets respectively. c) Each element of input sequence belongs to the set of input alphabets of SXM and each element of output sequence must be from the set of output alphabets of SXM. d) The transition function for each state have the initial value as ((q, epsiI, m), (epsiO, m, q)) which shows it takes no input and gives no output. e) For each state q and q1 which belongs to arc there exists a path from q to q1 which give rise to a new function. f) Each element s of input sequence streamIn acting on memory m will give a new memory m1 and a new output element g which is concatenated with streamOut sequence (streamOut ^ g) at each iteration. In computation of stream X-machine the inputs and outputs are the streams of input and output alphabets. At each state a function is applied, the selection of next state depends upon the first input symbol, memory status and current state. The function computes the new memory state by updating the memory and produces output message which is concatenated at the tail of output stream. The first input alphabet is removed from the head of the input stream. This process continues in this way, while traversing the path and generating the output stream until the input stream is empty and a final state is reached. 5.9 X-Machine Model of an Ant Here we take the biological inspired intelligent agent as case study. The stream X-machine model of ant agent is given in Fig 5.1. The goal of the agent is to find food and carry it to their nest. This goal can be achieved by searching for food at random or follow the pheromone trails. When food is found it should leave pheromone trail moving back to its nest, when nest is found again it drops the food [16]. 1. Input alphabet is defined as ({space, nest} U FOOD) x COORD x COORD). 2. The set of outputs is defined as set of messages {moving_freely, moving_to_nest, dropping_food }. 3. The set of states Q in which agent can be are {At Nest, Moving Freely, At Food, Going Back to Nest, Looking for Food}. 4. Memory M of the agent is (FOOD U {none}) x (COORD x COORD) x sequence (COORD x COORD). 5. Initial memory m0 is defined as (none, (0, 0), nil). 6. Start state q0 is At Nest, (0, 0) is assumed the position of the nest. 7. The type is a set of functions of the form function_name (input_tuple, memory_tuple) (output, memory_tuple). [FOOD] Q ::At_Nest Moving_Freely At_Food Back_to_Nest Looking_for_Food SigmaOut ::moving_freely moving_to_nest moving_to_food lifting_food more_food dropping_food found_nest_again got_lost ignoring_food staying_at_nest FOOD is a basic type, Q is a set of states of an Ant and SigmaOut is a set of messages that an ant can send. Instruction: FOOD Instruction LOC: a, b: 0 a 0 b a b LOC SigmaIn: Instruction LOC SigmaIn LOC is a set of two dimensional locations, and SigmaIn is of type input alphabet which contains instruction and location. The Instruction is the set of all the possible instructions to the agent, which is either the name of a food item, belongs to FOOD or Space. The Space indicates that currently agent have no information about any food item or it have to stay at nest or ignore the food. The second element of each order pair is the location where the agent should have to move. CARRY: FOOD CARRY Memory: CARRY LOC seq LOC Memory Memory is the memory of agent where CARRY shows what the agent is carrying, LOC is the current location of the agent and seq LOC is the list of food items locations. Function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory Function is the axiomatic definition of partial function which it gets an input alphabet and a memory element and returns a message as output alphabet and a new memory state by altering the memory. The Function is defined as an abstract data type to define all the possible operations that an Ant can perform. ANT DSXM none: FOOD nest: FOOD space: FOOD lift_food: Function move: Function move_to_food: Function move_to_nest: Function find_food: Function drop_food: Function find_nest: Function gotlost: Function ignore_food: Function stay_at_nest: Function m0 = none 0 0 q0 = At_Nest function = lift_food move move_to_nest move_to_food move_to_nest find_fooddrop_food find_nest gotlost ignore_food stay_at_nest i: Instruction; a, b, x, y: ; c: CARRY; list: seq LOC; o: SigmaOut; in: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory; fpx, fpy: ; f: FOOD o alphaOut m memory m1 memory in = space x y o = moving_freely m = none a b m1 = none x y in m o m1 = move in = space x y o = moving_to_food m = none a b list m1 = none x y list fpx fpy in m o m1 = move_to_food in = space x y o = moving_to_nest m = f a b list m1 = f x y list in m o m1 = move_to_nest in = f x y o = lifting_food m = none a b list m1 = f x y list m1 = f x y list x y in m o m1 = lift_food in = f fpx fpy o = more_food m = f x y list m1 = f x y list x y in m o m1 = find_food in = nest 0 0 o = dropping_food m = f x y list m1 = none 0 0 list in m o m1 = drop_food in = nest 0 0 o = found_nest_again m = none x y list m1 = none 0 0 list in m o m1 = find_nest in = nest fpx fpy o = got_lost m = none x y fpx fpy m1 = m0 in m o m1 = gotlost in = f 0 0 o = ignoring_food m = none 0 0 list m1 = m in m o m1 = ignore_food in = nest 0 0 o = staying_at_nest m = none 0 0 list m1 = none 0 0 list in m o m1 = stay_at_nest q: Q; f: Function f function q states q = At_Nest f = ignore_food q f q trans q = At_Nest f = stay_at_nest q f q trans q = At_Nest f = move At_Nest f Moving_Freely trans q = At_Nest f = move_to_food q f Looking_for_Food trans q = Moving_Freely f = move q f q trans q = Moving_Freely f = find_nest q f At_Nest trans q = Moving_Freely f = lift_food q f At_Food trans q = Looking_for_Food f = gotlost q f Moving_Freely trans q = Looking_for_Food f = lift_food q f At_Food trans q = Looking_for_Food f = find_nest q f At_Nest trans q = Looking_for_Food f = move_to_food q f q trans q = At_Food f = move_to_nest q f Back_to_Nest trans q = Back_to_Nest f = find_food q f q trans q = Back_to_Nest f = move_to_nest q f q trans q = Back_to_Nest f = drop_food q f At_Nest trans Invariants: a) lift_food, move, move_to_food, move_to_nest, find_food, drop_food, find_nest, gotlost, ignore_food, stay_at_nest are the functions of an Ant. All the functions have the same type as the function of SXM. Each function is an element of function. b) The memory element m0 is an initial memory state which shows that agent carrying nothing currently, its current location is At_Nest and the list of food elements is empty. c) The state q0 is an initial state which is At_Nest. d) The function is the new state of function of SXM which is the set of all the possible actions that an ant can perform. e) All the possible operations an agent can perform are defined as functions in which it takes an input of type Instruction, LOC and a MEMOEY element of type FOOD U {none}, current location of the agent and list of food items, and generates a new memory status by altering the current memory and returns a message. f) For each input in of type (Instruction LOC) in the set of alphaIn of SXM a memory element m in memory of SXM, m1 in new state of memory memory and output alphabet o in set of SigmaOut, there exist a partial function of type Function in function where (in, m) in set domain of function and (o, m1) is in set range of function. g) For each partial function f in function where in is input alphabet, o is output alphabet and m, m1 of type memory, and q, q1 of type Q in set states of an Ant, there exists a transition function trans ((q, f), q1) where trans acts on q and partial function f and returns a new state q1. The SXM imposed all the general constraints that an Ant should posses, but the specific data types and functions of an Ant are different from a general SXM. Therefore there is a need to define all the functions and other required data types which are used in an Ant specification. By using the we can reuse the SXM schema in ANT schema. Further there is no need to redefine all the SXM data types. We only define the following abstract data types SigmaIn, SigmaOut, Memory, Q and functions. The variable none of type FOOD describes that currently the agent is carrying nothing, nest and space of type FOOD indicate where the agent have to move, i. e., either stay at nest of moving freely. All the operations that an agent can perform are define as lift_food, move, move_to_nest, move_to_food, find_food, drop_food, find_nest, goltlost, ingnore_food and stay_ at_nest are of type Function. The formal specification of agent Ant is given below. 5.10 Design of Communicating Stream X-Machine A communicating stream machine is a stream X-machine with the following four different types of functions of type, i: (s, m) = (m, g), where s i, g i, m, m Mi. a). Functions that read the input from the standard input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., i: (s, m) = (m, g). b). Functions that read the input from a communication input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., i: (sj, m) = (m, g). c). Functions that read the input from the standard input stream and write their output to a communication output stream, i. e., i: (s, m) = (m, gk). d). Functions that read the input from a communication input stream and write their output to a communication output stream, i. e., i: (sj, m) = (m, gk). These functions are named as SISO, ISSO, SIOS and ISOS which are defined below. SISO: SI is the standard input stream and SO is the standard output stream. The function SISO read the input from the standard input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., SISO: ((s, m) = (m, g). ISSO: IS is the input stream of another machine j and SO is the standard output stream. The function ISSO read the input from a communication input stream and write their output to the standard output stream, i. e., ISSO: (sj, m) = (m, g). SIOS: SI is the standard input stream and OS is the communicating output stream. The function SIOS read the input from standard input stream and write their output to communicating output stream k, i. e., SIOS: (s, m) = (m, gk). ISOS: IS is the communicating input stream and OS is the communicating output stream. The function ISOS read the input from communicating input stream j and write their output to communicating output stream k, i. e., ISOS: (sj, m) = (m, gk). The formal specification of communicating stream X-machine is described in schema CSXM. CSXM DSXM SISO: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory SIOS: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory ISSO: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory ISOS: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory ist: seq SigmaIn ost: seq SigmaOut is: seq seq SigmaIn os: seq seq SigmaOut ist ran is ost ran os function = SISO SIOS ISSO ISOS i: ; isq: seq SigmaIn i 1 i isq is j: 1 j j # isq isq j alphaIn i: ; osq: seq SigmaOut i 1 i osq os j: 1 j j # osq osq j alphaOut i, j, k: 1 i i # ist 1 j j # ost 1 k k j m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is sq = ist gq ran os gq = ost # sq I # gq i sq i m dom SISO gq i m1 ran SISO m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is sq = ist gq ran os # sq I # gq k sq i m dom SIOS gq k m1 ran SIOS m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is gq ran os gq = ost # sq j # gq i sq j m dom ISSO gq i m1 ran ISSO m, m1: Memory; sq: seq SigmaIn; gq: seq SigmaOut m memory m1 memory sq ran is gq ran os # sq j # gq k sq j m dom ISOS gq k m1 ran ISOS Invariants: a) The ist belongs to the range of is. b) The ost belongs to the range of os. c) The function is the new state of set of functions which is the union of the above mentioned four types of functions. d) Each element of each communicating input stream is in the set of input alphabets alphaIn. e) Each element of each communicating output stream belongs to the set of output alphabets alphaOut. f) For each input and output there exist m belongs to memory and m1 belongs to new state of memory memory. For each i, j and k are integers from 1 to the length of input sequence, there exists m and m memory elements and if gq and sq belong to standard output and input streams then (sq i, m) belongs to domain of SISO and (gq i, m1) belongs to range of SISO. If gq belongs to communicating output stream k then (sq i, m) belongs to domain of SIOS and (gq k, m1) belongs to range of SIOS. Whenever sq belongs to communicating input stream j then (sq j, m) belongs to domain of ISSO and (gq i, m1) belongs to range of ISSO, further when sq and gq are communicating input and output streams j and k respectively then (sq j, m) belongs to domain of ISOS and (gq k , m1) belongs to range of it. The formal specification of communicating stream X-machine is same as stream X-machine except these four functions. So, we reuse the specification of SXM and define these four functions and relationship between communicating functions and SXM which becomes a CSXM. Data and communication are modeled separately, data is modeled in SXM and communication is modeled in CSXM which provide the benefit of reusability of SXM models. The variables SISO, SIOS, ISSO and ISOS of (SigmaIn Memory) (SigmaOut Memory) are defined to describe the four different combinations of input and output streams. The ist and ost are the standard input and out streams of type sequence of SigmaIn and sequence of SigmaOut respectively. The variable is is introduced to define the sequence of input streams of type sequence of SigmaIn and os is defined to describe the sequence of output streams of type sequence of SigmaOut. 5.11 Design of Communicating Stream X-machine System A communicating X-machine system consists of a number of X-machines that can exchange messages with each other. A CSXMS is defined as Z= ((Ci)i=1,, n, CR) where: 1. Ci is a i-th communicating X-machine component. 2. CR is a relation which defines the communication between the communicating X-machine components, i. e., CR C C and C = {C1, , Cn}. A tuple (Ci, Ck) CR denotes that the X-machine component Ci can output a message to a corresponding input stream of the X-machine component Ck for any i, k {1, . . . , n}, i k. Z C: CSXM CR: CSXM CSXM c, c1: CSXM c C c1 C c c1 CR c c1 m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c . ist g ran c . ost s m dom c . SISO g m1 ran c . SISO m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c . ist g ran c1 . ost s m dom c . SIOS g m1 ran c . SIOS m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c1 . ist g ran c . ost s m dom c . ISSO g m1 ran c . ISSO m, m1: c . memory; s: SigmaIn; g: SigmaOut s ran c1 . ist g ran c1 . ost s m dom c . SIOS g m1 ran c . SIOS Invariants: For each c and c1 of type CSXM where (c, c1) is in relation CR, there exists m, m1 of type memory of machine c. Input and output alphabets s and g are of type SigmaIn and SigmaOut respectively. If s belongs to the range of standard input stream ist of machine c and g belongs to the range of standard output streams ost of machine c then the partial function (s, m), (g, m1) belongs to function SISO. Further if g belongs to the output stream of machine c1 then the partial function (s, m), (g, m1) belongs to SIOS. Similarly, if s belongs to the input stream of machine c1 then the partial function (s, m),(g, m1) belongs to ISSO, otherwise the partial function (s, m), (g, m1) belongs to ISOS. The formal specification of CSXMS is described in schema CSXM where we introduced a variable C of type power set of CSXM to define a set of communicating stream X-machines. CR is a relation of type power set of (CSXM CSXM), where c and c1 are communicating stream X-machines which can communicate with each other. 5.12 Traffic Control System We take the case study of traffic control system to use the complete proposed formal modeling technique on an agent-based system. The case study is selected to demonstrate the applicability of the integrated formal modeling approach. This is accomplished by using the traffic control system which is derived from an original text written in [4]. The traffic control system is composed of the following components, queue of cars, traffic signal lights and controller as illustrated in Fig 5.1. The scenario of the problem is as follows: a) To make sure the safe depart of the cars that arrive at the traffic junction. b) The cars are waiting in the queue to depart. If the signal is red then cars wait until the signal becomes green. c) When a new car arrives it is added at the tail of the queue and when a car leaves it leaves from the front of the queue. 5.12.1 Components of the System The traffic control system is composed of the following components called agents. a) Traffic queue agent b) Traffic signal agent and c) Controller agent. 5.12.2 Traffic Queue Agent The traffic queue agent is characterized by following elements. a) A queue of traffic holds the sequence of cars arrived at the junction. b) Traffic arrived at queue are added at the tail of the queue. c) Traffic leaves the queue when signal is green. d) Make sure the safe depart of traffic at the junction. The X-machine model of traffic queue is illustrated in Fig. 5.2, where the input set of X-machine is: = {arrive, leave}. The input alphabet is a composite type that contains an input and a car. The output of the system consists of a set of messages that may displayed on the screen = {FirstArrived, NextArrived, CarLeft, LastCarLeft, NoCarInQueue}. The set of states is: Q= {empty, queuing}. The machines memory M is a sequence of cars. The set of function is {first_arrives, arrives, leaves, last_leaves, reject}. TrafficQueue DSXM first_arrives: FUNCTION arrives: FUNCTION leaves: FUNCTION last_leaves: FUNCTION reject: FUNCTION q0 = empty m0 = function = first_arrives arrives leaves last_leaves reject i: Input; c: CAR; g: SigmaOut; s: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory i c SigmaIn s SigmaIn m memory m1 memory s = arrive c m = m0 m1 = c s m FirstArrived m1 = first_arrives s = arrive c m m0 m1 = m c s m NextArrived m1 = arrives s = arrive head m m m0 m1 = tail m s m CarLeft m1 = leaves s = arrive head m m m0 m1 = m0 s m LastCarLeft m1 = last_leaves s = arrive c m = m0 m1 = m0 s m NoCarInQueue m1 = reject q: Q; f: FUNCTION q states f function q = empty f = first_arrives q f queuing trans q = queuing f = arrives q f queuing trans q = queuing f = leaves q f queuing trans q = queuing f = last_leaves q f empty trans q = empty f = reject q f empty trans Invariants: a) The state Empty is the start state. b) Initial memory is an empty sequence of cars. c) The function is the new state of functions of queue. d) All the functions of X-machine take an input alphabet and memory element and return a message by altering the memory value. e) All the transitions of the machine take a state and a function and return a new state by altering the memory, read the input and return a message. [CAR] Q ::empty queuing Input ::arrive leave SigmaOut ::FirstArrived NextArrived CarLeft LastCarLeft NoCarInQueue Memory: seq CAR SigmaIn: Input CAR Function: SigmaIn Memory SigmaOut Memory CAR is a fundamental data type and Input is of type instruction. Memory is a set of sequences of cars. SigmaIn of type power set of (Input CAR), which contains an instruction and a car. Function is an abstract type of function which is defined to describe the functions of the queue. To define all the tuples of queue we reuse the general specification of stream X-machine SXM as defined in section 5.5. The formal specification of X-machine of a queue is presented above using Z notation. The function of the machine takes an input alphabet and a memory element, and returns output alphabet and new memory state. In the formal specification of traffic queue agent, we write SXM to denote the schema SXM that defines all the tuples of the general stream X-machine. The variables first_arrives, arrives, leaves, last_leaves and reject are the functions of type Function which traffic queue agent can perform. 5.12.3 Communicating Traffic Queue Agent The previously defined X-machine of a queue of cars can communicate with signal light in such a way: when the traffic light becomes green, the queue is notified to leave a car, and cars can depart one by one until there is least one car in the queue. More cars can arrive to the queue, waiting for a signal to depart. Whenever there is a green signal from the traffic light but there is no car in the queue the machine ignores the signal. Functionality of the communicating X-machine is defined as: The first_arrives and arrives functions read from standard input stream and write on standard output streams. The functions leaves, last_leaves and reject read from the communication stream of signal light instead of standard input stream and write the output to the standard output stream of TrafficcQueue. In this way every car leaves the queue whenever thers is a message from the signal light to leave that makes sure the safe depart of the car from junction. It may also write to a communicating input stream of another X-machine. The normal output of the functions is not affected. The definition of function in TrafficQueue changes from that in the definition of CommTrafficQueue. To specify the communicating traffic queue agent we reused the specification of TrafficQueue and CSXM schema. There is only need to define the communicating functions of the machine through which it can communicate with other agents of the system. CommTrafficQueue XTrafficQueue DCSXM SISO = first_arrives arrives SIOS = SIOS ISSO = leaves last_leaves reject ISOS = ISOS is = is os = os Invariants: a) In communicating X-machine of traffic queue, the definition of functions first_arrives and arrives remain same. The set of function SISO which read from and write on standard input and output streams respectively. It becomes SISO which contains two functions first_arrives and arrives. b) The definition of functions leaves, last_leaves and reject are changed as it reads from communication input stream and writes on standard output stream. The set of functions ISSO contains three function leaves, last_leaves and reject. c) The set of functions SIOS and ISOS remains same as SIOS and ISOS. d) The standard input and output streams is and os remains unchanged as is and os. 5.12.4 Traffic Light Agent A traffic light agent is characterized by the following elements: a) Two light signals red and green, b) Holds the total number of ticks elapsed since the last change of signal, c) Holds the number of ticks that a signal should be displayed, d) Holds the number of ticks before start the working and e) Switch between the signals. All the tuples of X-machine of traffic light agent are defined as: a) Set of input alphabets is a set of time unit called ticks. b) A set of output alphets = {Red, Green, Statrup}. c) The memory of the agent is defined as: (timeelapsed, delay, DurGreen, DurRed), where timeelpased shows the number of ticks elapsed since last signal changed, delay defines the times required to start, and DurGreen and DurRed are used to define the period of a signal to be displayed respectively. d) The set of functions of the agent are defined as: function = {delay, change_green, keep_green, change_red, keep_red}. The functions are activated by reading the input of type TICK. e) The transition functions of the agent are illustrated in Fig 5.4. f) The set of states is defined as = {red, green}. g) The state red is an initial state and m0 is the initial memory of agent. Q ::red green SigmaOut ::RedColour GreenColour StartUp Memory: i, j, k, l: 0 i 0 j 1 k 1 l i j k l Memory SigmaIn: TICK TICK is the abstract data type which is introduced to define the set of input alphabet SigmaIn of type power set of TICK. A TICK indicates a clock tick. Q is the set states of the agent. Memory is a set of possible memory elements of the agent which is defined as a power set of type (Z Z Z Z), where Z is a non negative integer value. To formally specify the traffic light agent we reuse the specification of SXM which defines all the tuples of the agent. Here we only define the particular functions of the agent which are delay, change_green, change_red, keep_green and keep_red of type Function. TrafficLight DSXM delay: Function change_green: Function change_red: Function keep_green: Function keep_red: Function q0 = red m0 = 0 20 60 40 function = delay change_green change_red keep_green keep_red g: SigmaOut; s: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory; w, x, y, z: s alphaIn g alphaOut m memory m1 memory 0 w 0 x 1 y 1 z w x y z Memory m = m0 x 0 x = x 1 m1 = w x y z s m StartUp m1 = delay w z w = w + 1 m1 = w x y z s m RedColour m1 = keep_red w y w = w + 1 m1 = w x y z s m GreenColour m1 = keep_green w = z m1 = 0 0 y z s m GreenColour m1 = change_green w = y w = w + 1 m1 = 0 0 y z s m RedColour m1 = change_red q: Q; f: Function q states f function q = red f = keep_red q f red trans q = red f = change_green q f green trans q = red f = delay q f red trans q = green f = keep_green q f green trans q = green f = change_red q f red trans q = green f = delay q f green trans Invariants: a) The state red is the start state. b) Memory is initialized as (0, 20, 60, 40). c) The function is the new state of functions of traffic light. d) All the functions of x-machine are defined as: it takes an input alphabet and memory element and returns a message by altering the memory value. The transition of the machine takes a state and a function and returns a new state by altering the memory, read an input and write an output. 5.12.5 Communicating Traffic Light Agent A communicating traffic light agent communicates with traffic queue agent and controller agent. It sends a message to traffic queue agent which will be an input to the agent. It receives messages from controller agent to switch the signal as illustrated in Fig 5.5. The change_green function receives a message from controller and changes the signal from read to green and send a message to traffic queue agent to allow the cars to leave the queue one by one. It is assumed that one car leaves the queue in one tick. The change_red function receives a message from the controller agent and writes on its standard output stream. In formal specification of communicating traffic light agent the specification of stand alone light agent is reused to define the communicating agent. Further predefined specification of abstract communicating stream X-machine is also reused which defines the communicating functions of the agent. The formal specification of communicating traffic light agent is given below. CommTrafficLight XTrafficLight DCSXM SISO = delay keep_red SIOS = keep_green ISSO = change_red ISOS = change_green is = is os = os Invariants: a) In communicating X-machine of traffic light, the definition of functions delay and keep_red remain same. The set of functions SISO which reads and writes on standard input and output streams respectively becomes SISO that contains two functions delay and keep_red. b) The definition of functions keep_green is changed as it reads from standard input stream and writes on communication output stream. The set of functions SIOS contains a function keep_green. c) The set of functions ISSO and ISOS contains function change_red and change_green respectively. d) The standard input and output streams is and os remain unchanged as is and os. 5.12.6 Controller Agent The controller agent is used to control a number of traffic light agents. In our case study we assume that there are four traffic light agents with their corresponding traffic queue agent and hence there must be a need of controller that controls the light agents. The controller agent controls the multiple light agents by scheduling on the basis of round robin scheduling technique as illustrated in Fig 5.6. The controller is also responsible for the synchronization and allocation of time share to traffic lights. Q ::schedule_light1 schedule_light2 schedule_light3 schedule_light4 Memory: SigmaOut: SigmaIn ::clock_pulse switch_device Q is the set of states which contains schedule_light1, schedule_light2, schedule_light3 and schedule_light4. Memory and SigmaOut are of type power set of natural numbers. SigmaIn is a set of input alphabets which contains clock_pulse and switch_device. Controller DSXM operate: FUNCTION switch: FUNCTION q0 = schedule_light1 m0 = 0 function = operate switch g: SigmaOut; s: SigmaIn; m, m1: Memory s alphaIn g alphaOut m memory m1 memory s = clock_pulse g = m + 1 m1 = m + 1 s m g m1 = operate s = switch_device g = m m1 = m s m g m1 = switch q: Q; f: FUNCTION q states f function q = schedule_light1 q operate schedule_light1 trans q = schedule_light1 q switch schedule_light2 trans q = schedule_light2 q operate schedule_light2 trans q = schedule_light2 q switch schedule_light3 trans q = schedule_light3 q operate schedule_light3 trans q = schedule_light3 q switch schedule_light4 trans q = schedule_light4 q operate schedule_light4 trans q = schedule_light4 q switch schedule_light1 trans Invariants: a) The state schedule_light1 is the start state. b) Memory is initialized as (0). c) The variable function is the new state of functions of controller agent. d) All the functions of x-machine are defined as: it takes an input alphabet and memory element and returns a message by altering the memory value. All the transitions of the machine take a state and a function and return a new state by altering the memory, read an input and write an output. The formal definition of controller agent is defined as: The set of input alphabets = {clock_pulse, switch_light}. The output alphets are defined as a set of natural numbers. The memory of the agent is defined as a set of natural numbers. The set of functions of the agent are defined as: function = {operate, switch}. The transition functions of the agent are illustrated in Fig 5.4. The set of states is defined as {S1, S2, S3, S4}, where S1, S2, S3 and S4 are the instances of the traffic light agent. S1is the initial state and (0) is the initial memory of agent. 5.12.7 Communicating Controller Agent The communicating controller agent communicates with traffic lights to change the signal. It sends message tick to light agent and receives the message switch_device from the traffic light agent which provides a synchronization mechanism. In formal specification of communicating controller agent, the predefined stand alone controller agents specification is reused to define the communicating controller agent. Further predefined specification of abstract communicating stream X-machine is also reused which defines the communicating functions of the controller agent. The formal specification of communicating traffic light agent is given below. ComController XController DCSXM SISO = operate SIOS = SIOS ISSO = ISSO ISOS = switch is = is os = os Invariants: a) In communicating X-machine of controller agent the function operate remains same as defined in CSXM. The set of functions SISO which read from and write on standard input and output streams respectively becomes SISO that contain a function operate. b) The definition of function switch is changed as it reads from standard input stream and writes on communication output stream. The function ISOS contain a function switch. c) The set of functions SIOS and ISSO remain unchanged. d) The standard input and output streams is and os remain unchanged as is and os. 5.11.8 Agent based Traffic Control System The agent-based traffic control system (ABTCS) consists at a controller agent and four traffic light agents with corresponding traffic queue agents. The controller agent switches the signals of the traffic light agents. The traffic light agent communicates with controller agent and also with its corresponding traffic queue agent. The traffic queue agent only communicates with a single traffic light agent. To formally specify the ABSTCS we redefine the communicating stream X-machine system because there are three types of agents which communicate with each other. Therefore the existing definition cannot be used to define the ABTCS. In schema TrafficControlSystem the variables C1 of type power set of CommTrafficQueue is introduced to define the set of communicating traffic queue agents, C2 of type power set of CommTrafficLight to describe the set of communicating traffic light agents and C3 of type ComController to introduce the communicating controller agent. The variable CR is defined as a relation of type (CommTrafficQueue CommTrafficLight ComController) which defines a relationship between traffic queue agent, light agent and controller agent and provides a mechanism in which they can exchange messages. TrafficControlSystem C1: CommTrafficQueue C2: CommTrafficLight C3: ComController CR: CommTrafficQueue CommTrafficLight ComController cq: CommTrafficQueue; cl: CommTrafficLight; cc: ComController cq C1 cl C2 cc C3 cq cl cc CR In the above specification the invariant is defined as for all cq of type CommTrafficQueue, cl of type CommTrafficLight and cc of type ComController such that cq belongs to C1, cl belongs to C2 and cc belongs to C3 which holds that (cq,cl, cc) belongs to relation CR which indicates that these three agents can communicate with each other. To specify the ABTCS we introduced the variables queue1, queue2, queue3 and queue4 to define the four queue agent of type communicating queue agents. Similarly, light1, light2, light3 and light4 are introduced to describe the four traffic light agents which can communicate with other agents of the system. The controller agent is defined as controller. The variables nilq, nils and nilc are introduced to define the null value of sets C1, C2 and C3. This specification shows that we are not defining all the agents from scratch we just specify a single agent of one type and then we can create instance of these agent with different initial memory values an d start state according to the requirements. AgentBasedTrafficControlSystem DTrafficControlSystem queue1, queue2, queue3, queue4, nilq: CommTrafficQueue light1, light2, light3, light4, nils: CommTrafficLight controller, nilc: ComController queue1 . q0 = empty queue2 . q0 = empty queue3 . q0 = empty queue4 . q0 = empty light1 . q0 = green light2 . q0 = red light3 . q0 = red light4 . q0 = red light1 . m0 = (0, 0, 20, 60) light2 . m0 = (0, 20, 20, 60) light3 . m0 = (0, 20, 20, 60) light4 . m0 = (0, 20, 20, 60) queue1 . m0 = queue1 . m0 = queue1 . m0 = queue1 . m0 = C1 = {queue1, queue2, queue3, queue4, nilq} C2 = {light1, light2, light3, light4, nils} C3 = {controller, nilc} Invariants: a) In this specification we define the four instance of traffic queue agent. The initial state q0 and initial memory m0 of all the traffic queue agent is initialized by empty and empty sequence respectively. b) The initial state q0 of traffic light agent light1 is initialized by green which means that when the system starts the signal of traffic light1 must be green and the signal of the remaining light agent light2, light3 and light 4 must be read. c) The initial memory m0 of traffic light agent 1 is set to (0,0,20,60) which shows that at the startup it immediately starts working without waiting a single tick, it must remains green and red till 20 and 60 ticks respectively. d) The traffic light agents light2, light3 and light4 are defined with initial memory (0, 20, 20, 60). e) The set of communicating traffic queue agents is changed from C1 to C1 and consists of queue1, queue2, queue3 and queue4 agents. f) The set of communicating traffic light agents is changed from C2 to C2 and consists of queue1, queue2, queue3 and queue4 agents g) C3 the set of controller agents contains a single agent controller.

Parkinsons Disease and Body Weight - 952 Words

Parkinson’s Disease: Relationship with Parkinson’s Disease and Body Weight Ethics are the key to the safe and reliable supply of services within an industry. Modern medicine has several ethical standards in place. The College of Nurses (CNO) states that considering ethical issues is essential to providing care. The ethical framework is in place to guide nurses in the changing times of new technology and to help prevent and work through ethical conflicts (College of Nurses, 2009, p. 3). A registered practical nurse has been documenting her patient Mr. Gurt’s weight inaccurately. Patient care is a very important element that must be handled with respect and great care. With regards to Mr. Gurt’s case presented, there has been an ethical†¦show more content†¦Gurt is already thin and weak; therefore his bones are as well and he is at a higher risk for breaking bones or falling because he will have reduced strength. 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The Case Study Analysis For Fitness For Health.

Question: Discuss About The Case Study Analysis For Fitness For Health. Answer: Introduction Fitness for Health (F4H) is a gym based in Howick/Pakuranga in New Zealand. Currently fitness industry in the country is worth NZ$300-350 million every year. The country is experiencing recent boom in the fitness industry with new centers opening now and then in the country(Buchanan, 2010). There has been immense influx of international brands and low cost gym centers as well. F4H has an advantage culturally over its competitors as it is based from New Zealand itself. It has a strong understand of the local culture and understanding of the various demands. The company has been set up by John, who is a fitness instructor, Mary being a nutritionists and David, who is an equipment technician. The report analyses various operational strategy pertaining to the company. Principles and practices of operations management Apply the input-process-output model to the business operation of Fitness4Health gym Fitness4Health gym applies the Input-process-output model for its business operations in order to gain effectiveness. In the input processes clients are demonstrated various programs that are conducted by the company and then registered. Upon successful registration they are provided with diet plans, routine yoga, exercises and work-out plans on various machines at their gym centers(Aldrich, 2008). At the output stage clients experiences leaner bodies and well-shaped figures overcoming their obsess state. Their fitness levels also increases correspondingly. Figure 1 : Input-Process-Output Model Source: (slideshare.net, Retrieved on 10th December 2016) Describe, with illustrations, the role of management in a gym. (A minimum of THREE Areas) Management in a gym involves a series of diversified roles. Most pertinent amongst them are finance handling, managing employers primarily gym instructors and panning. the CEO is head of the organization and he control four departments as indicated in the figure below. Each department has its respective employees. Each department facilitates functioning pertaining to their areas. Accounts Finance Department: Various clients adopt various programs at the gym hence they pay different amounts to the gym. Such diversified financed needs to be adequately handled and catered to. Trainers Head: Gym instructors across the country need to be coordinated and briefed regarding the various programs that clients have opted for(Sinha, 2009). HR Department: Planning is a pertinent role and an important management functions. The programs of the gym need to be well planned such that each programs runs properly and customers are satisfied. HR plans each roles of employees. Sales Marketing Department, promotes various schemes and programs of the gym. Figure 2 : Organizational Structure Source : Author Principles and practices of human resource management Identify and discuss TWO of the many challenges faced by a Human Resource Manager (or a staff taking on the role of human resource management) in terms of the nature of work in a service oriented business like F4H gym. (Hint: compare that to a purely production environment) Discuss nature of cleric in a service oriented business like F4H gym. The nature of cleric in service oriented business like F4H gym primarily comprises of gym instructors, cleaning staff, billing staff, technicians and others. Discuss some basic duties or responsibilities of the HR manager in F4H Gym and challenges. The basic duties and responsibilities of HR manager of F4H Gym consist of assigning roles to employees and overseeing their performances. HR manager roles is diverse and encompasses recruitment, selection, training, development, designing pay packages, motivating employees, providing attractive rewards and perks and so on(Choi, 2010). Against production organizations challenges faced by HR managers in service organizations consists of inability to measure performance and inability to ascertain intrinsic rewards to job characteristics. In service organizations there needs to be certain benchmarks or key performance indicators against which performance of an employee can be ascertained(Christensen Hughes, 2008). Principles and practices of sales and marketing management Apply the concept of value to the gym membership? Discuss the linkage of value to elements of the marketing mix? Members of the gym derive high value from the services they receive from them. Customer generally joins a gym with expectations and the gym caters to such expectations by providing a comprehensive program by workout sessions, training on machines and a suitable diet plan. Marketing mix is a proposition that a company develops to cater to its market segment. There are four Ps associated with marketing mix as product, price, place and promotion. Customers derive value from the entire package or products and services from the marketing mix(Arena, 2010). Product for a client of a gym is the packaged program that it offers in terms of diet plans, training sessions and so on. Place of the gym is suitable as it is located within a locality and has a high school nearby hence any high school goers and members of the community can attend its sessions. Price of the various packages provided also derives considerable value as they offer competitive rates. Promotional strategies adopted by the company attract significant amounts of customers. Recommend TWO ways to build customer relationship for the business. The company can develop membership cards with which it can provide various offers to its customers. Offers and discounts through membership cards will attract a large number of customers for the company. The company can also develop personalized services as pick-up and drop services to alter to customers. Both this initiatives will looked upon as a customer relationship building strategy and will help satisfy and attract a large number of customers. Principles and practices of risk management Critically review what risk management would entail in running a gym Risk management involved in functioning of a gym is multifarious, as there can be significant risks from injuries occurring to clients from any training. Thus, risks management would involve carefully evaluating and assessing any situation that might lead to risks. Such circumstances need to be evaluated and then either mitigated, or transferred or avoided(Barsade, 2007). The second situation of risk can arise from customer unable to attain desired targets of slimming or weight loss in specific program and claiming for refund. Identify and discuss TWO risk management control options that could be adopted, and lastly Risk control options that will be included for functioning of the gym are avoidances and diversification. Any possibility of risks that can cause significant harm to the organization needs to be avoided and other risks that cannot be avoided needs to be either mitigated or transferred or diversified(Arena, 2010). Design and describe a risk management plan for a particular situation. An appropriate risk management plan for the purpose of the gym will include identifying risks, determining treatment for the risks, making plans and actions to form a course of action to either mitigate, or transfer, or avoid the risk. 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